The name of the city becomes standard German [vi:n]. In the Bairo-Austrian dialect of eastern Austria, the city of Wean [veɐ̯ n] ; However, this term is hardly used to any significant extent in the Viennese form of mouth, except in specific cases such as dialect cultural events.

etymology

The name Vienna derives from the Vienna River (according to the frequent naming of settlements after the tributary that flows there). The name was first handed over in the 881 Annals in Salzburg, where from a battle ad Uueniam (read: ad Weniam, "near (the) Wenia"), although it is not clear whether a settlement or river is meant. The old German name Wenia, from which the present name derives, comes from the Celtoroman name Vedunia ("Waldbach") for the Vienna River; a Slavic intermediate is conceivable, but not documented. The name Vindobona, on the other hand, referred to a Roman settlement within the present urban area; It is still used in Vienna (for example on Latin documents), although it has no etymological relationship with the present name of the city.

Name of city in other languages

Vienna is one of the old cities for which there are names in many languages:

• In English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and other Romanesque languages, Vienna is known as Vienna or Viena.
• in French as Vienne,
• in Greek as Vienni,
• in Dutch as Wenen,
• in Russian В е н а (Wena).
• The Hungarian Bécs and Beč in Bosnia/Croatia/Serbian are an independent education.
• The form Beç also comes from the Ottoman official language (in modern Turkish it is called Viyana). The form is applied to the Hungarian rule in 9/10. and most of it translated with "on the steep slope". The independent name formation is considered to be an indication of Vienna's low importance in this period.
• The Slovenian name for Vienna, Dunaj, refers to the Danube (which is called in today's Slovenian Donava).
• In Czech, the city of Vídeň,
• Slovak Viedeň,
• in Polish Wiedeń, and
• Ukrainian В і д е н ь (Widen, IPA).

These forms are etymologically unrelated to the district name of Wien.

Other uses of the name

The French city of Vienne is named after the French name of Vienna, but its name is much older than that of Vienna. In the United States and Canada there are some settlements that bear the German or English name of Vienna. This is probably due in many cases to emigrants who named their new settlements according to their place of origin.

• Vienna is located in Missouri and Wisconsin.
• Vienna is available in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario (Canada), South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
• New Vienna is available in Iowa and Ohio.
• South Vienna is located in Ohio.

In North America, Vienna is rarely used as a female first name. A prominent example is the Californian musician Vienna Teng, who uses the first name in her artist name.

2018 Sentinel-2 satellite photo of Vienna

location and landscape

Vienna is situated on the eastern beach of the Alps, at the crossing to the foothills of the Alps in the east, which leads to the Pannonian lowland. The city center extends already in the plain on the Danube, the western parts of the Vienna Woods, the easternmost group of mountains in the North Alps. Only a relatively small share of the city is built up in the Vienna City. About half of Vienna is grassland, larger parts are also used for agriculture.

Vienna rises from 151 meters above sea level. A. in the Lobau up to an altitude of 542 meters above sea level. A. on the Hermannskogel. In the northwest, west and southwest of Vienna, the Vienna Woods with their altitudes (Leopoldsberg, Kahlenberg) and forests reach into the city area. The Danube enters Vienna through the Vienna Gate, a close link between the right-wing leopoldsberg and the left-sufrigen Bisamberg. There are also numerous small rivers flowing from the Vienna Woods to the city, the most famous of which is the Vienna River. The mountains in the west are continued in the south by ice-age terraces (Wienerberg and Laaer Berg). This entire area is used for wine-growing, it forms the Vienna wine-growing region.

The eastern part of the city is characterized by the Viennese part of the flat march field, which serves agriculture but is increasingly used. In the southeast there is the Lobau as a Viennese part of the Danube National Park. With Western winds (as in many European cities) predominating, the higher residential areas are more on the western outskirts of the city, where, among other things, the air is cleaner, while the old industrial areas are more on the southeast edge of the city.

zoom in and display image information

 

Panorama seen from the sky from Vienna (2005)
"In the sky" is in the NW of the city, on the left you can see NNO, on the right you can see SSW

spatial situation

Vienna is one of the most important and largest cities in Central Europe thanks to its favorable geographical location between the Alpenostrand and the Pannonian region and the historical European axes, the South-North axis along the Alps (Bernsteinstraße) and the West-East axis along the Alps and the Danube as a waterway. Vienna was born at the intersection of these roads. The historic city was built exclusively south of the Danube: The stream was easily crossed or crossed here, as the stream in the Vienna basin grew into numerous arms with islands in between. Today, the city area stretches far beyond the river.

The situation also with regard to the historical neighboring countries of Moravia and the Kingdom of Hungary and the routes towards Styria, Krain and the Adriatic coast played a decisive role in the long-term success of Vienna as a monarch residence. From about 1840, this led to the construction of a railway network which radiates from Vienna in a star-shaped way.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Eastern Bloc in 1989, transport and economic relations with Austria's northern and eastern neighbors, which have been interrupted or made more difficult to use since 1945, have been growing rapidly. Vienna, for example, is only 55 km from the Slovak capital Bratislava (Bratislava); Such a proximity of two capitals is unique in Europe (except for the Vatican/Rome case). The municipal authorities have responded to the situation by participating in the European region of Centrope.

geology

Vienna lies on the eastern foothills of the Northern Kalkalpen, which plunge into the depths on the western edge of the tertiary Vienna basin and on the scenic Schwemmebene of the Danube from the Pleistocene to the present day in Vienna. North of the city, the Flyschzone skips the Danube and passes on to the Carpathians. The subsoil of the city is formed by various geological landscapes:

• Scots and sands of the ice-age and the current Danube and quartarian Lockersediments
• Lockerstones, mainly tertiary Lockersediments of the Vienna basin
• Female rock of the Flysch area and the Kalkalpen in the western Wiener forest area

A system of north-south-facing disturbances and breakdowns runs through the city area. Powerful bodies of groundwater are to be found in the Danube river basins.

settlement structure

With an area of 414.87 square kilometers, Vienna is the smallest state of Austria and is completely surrounded by the Land of Lower Austria, to which it belonged until 1920 (see Separation Act). The north-south extent is 22.8 kilometers, the west-east extent is 29.4 kilometers. The highest point is the Hermannskogel (542 m a.s.l. A.) on the north-western outskirts of the city, the deepest is the Lobau (151 meters above sea level. A.) on the south-east outskirts of the city.

Since the city of Vienna has been a country since 1920, it appears in the ranking of the Länder: Vienna has the largest share of the total area of its transport and construction areas in the Länder. 11.6% of the total area is land under construction, 11.1% is road traffic and 2.2% is track. At the same time, Vienna is also the country with the largest share of garden areas, which account for 28.4% or 117.76 square kilometers. Waters (4.5%) account for a larger share of the total area in Burgenland only.

Vienna is one of four Austrian states that cultivate wine. 1.6% of the area is occupied by vineyards. Forest land covers 17.8% and agricultural land covers 14.8% of urban and rural areas.

climate

The Vienna climate is a transition climate with oceanic influences from the west and continental influences from the east. This is noticeable in the year-on-year comparison by the most variable measurement results. In total, Vienna has mostly lower rainfall and longer dry periods. Winter is mild compared to other parts of Austria. The average air temperature in the city center is 11.4 degrees Celsius in the 30-year-old mean, and 10.2 degrees Celsius in the outer districts (ZAMG Hohe Wait meteorological station). The average rainfall is about 600 millimeters, with an average of 741.5 millimeters in the west of the city, compared to 514.5 millimeters in the east. 60 summer days are opposite about 70 frost days. 8. August 2013 the highest temperature in Vienna was measured at the measuring station "Innere Stadt" at 39.5 degrees Celsius. The headquarters of the Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) is located in Vienna.

The following climate diagrams are from different parts of the city and are used to quantify Vienna’s urban climate.

The Vienna Innere City air-conditioning station has the warmest climate in Austria. Due to the dense construction, the night-time cooling is reduced and, in particular, the temperature minima are significantly higher than in the surrounding area. The average wind speed is 14 km/h. Wind directions from the west, northwest and southeast dominate.

Impact of global warming

As a result of global warming, the climate conditions in Vienna in 2050 could be similar to those prevailing in Skopje today, while Stockholm will then have climatic conditions like those prevailing in Vienna today. Model calculations also show that Vienna will be at the end of the 21st century. This century is one of the European metropolises most affected by heat waves. In Vienna, then, there will be a climate more reminiscent of the present southern Mediterranean.

flora

The Vienna Blue Star (Scilla vindobonensis) was named after the city.

Vienna is a border between two Florence regions, both of which belong to the rich Florentine region. Only the most western part of the city, which belongs to the Vienna Forest, like almost all the rest of Austria, belongs to the central European Florence region, while the rest of the city belongs to the Pannonian Florence province, which is the westernmost part of the southern Siberian-Pannonian Florence region. Outside Vienna, Austria only Burgenland and Lower Austria have a share of the southern Siberian-Pannonian Florence region, which stretches from southern Siberia to Ukraine, Transylvania, Vojvodina and the Hungarian lowlands to the Alpenostrand. In addition, a subMediterranean influence can be seen in Vienna. This is why many species are growing in Vienna, which are unique in Austria and deserve to be protected accordingly.

In Vienna, 1490 full-status vascular plant species and 1545 elephant vascular plant taxa are native or native. Including the newcomers and inconstants, there are 2194 taxa. These are high values for a big city: By comparison, Vorarlberg, which is more than six times larger and much less densely populated, has only 1683 full-status vascular plant species, i.e. an increase of 13%.

nature

The protection of nature is regulated in Vienna by various legal norms such as the Vienna Nature Conservation Act, the Vienna National Park Act and the Vienna Nature Conservation Ordinance. There are the following levels of protection: Europe protected area (Natura 2000), national park, nature reserve, landscape protected area, protected landscape area, ecological development area, natural monument, protected biotope, biosphere park and Ramsar area.

The largest and most important protected areas are the Danube-Auen National Park and the Wienerwald Biosphere Park, which protect the east and west of the city, as well as the Bisamberg and the Alte Schanzensee. In addition, there are a larger number of smaller protected areas and properties.

United coat of arms of Vienna (H. Ströhl, 1902)

Since 1954, Vienna, which also serves as a city under the statute, has been divided into 23 municipal districts (21 districts from 1905 to 1938, 26 districts from 1938 to 1954). The Vienna districts are designated either by their names (e.g. "Ottakring") or by their numbers (e.g. "16. district" or also "The Sixteenth", in writing also "Vienna 16"). These numbers are on each road sign in front of the street name (e.g. "16., Thaliastraße") and constitute the second and third digits of the postal code (1010 for the 1st District until 1230 for the 23rd district).

Town structure and extensions

The historical old town, today most of the 1st century. In the 1848 Revolutionary year, the area was identical to the city area. Under Emperor Franz Joseph there were three major urban enlargements in 1849/50, 1890 to 1892 and 1904/05.

On March 17, 1849, an imperial patent issued a provisional order for the monarchy. According to her, ‘suburbs [...] always had to form a single local community with the actual city’. This meant that the suburbs of Vienna were ex lege.

In 1850, the 1849 suburbs of Vienna were divided into districts 2 to 8 within the liner wall. In 1861 the original 4th was divided. districts in two districts. In 1874, the territories of the 4th century were located outside the regular walls. and 5. District of the new 10th District, favorites, combined. According to a Lower Austria law of December 1890, The present outlying districts on the right bank of the Danube, known as suburbs at the time, although some of them already have urban districts, entered into force on 1 January 1892; Vienna now had 19 districts. In 1900, the northern part of the 2nd 20. district. At the third major enlargement, decided in 1904, which entered into force in 1905, the large municipality of Floridsdorf on the left bank of the Danube became the 21st. district; It stretched from Strebersdorf in the north to Lobau in the south-east. (The area between the Danube and the Old Danube remained at the 2nd river until 1938. district) Vienna experienced a quadrupling of its urban area at the time of National Socialism, when the dictatorship came to an end in 1501. October 1938 was established in Vienna with 26 districts. This expansion was largely reversed by a decision of the National Council, the Vienna Landtag and the Lower Austrian Landtag of 1946, which was not able to enter into force until 1954 due to a veto by the occupying powers. Of the 97 towns that were inhabited in 1938, only 17 remained with Vienna: on the left bank of the Danube, Stammersdorf, Süßenbrunn, Breitenlee and Essling, on the right bank of the Danube (south and south-west outskirts) Albern, Unterlaa, Oberlaa and Rothneusiedl, the eight villages of today’s 23rd century. Liesing district and the Lainzer Tiergarten and Hadersdorf-Weidlingau on the western outskirts of the city. As a result, some district boundaries changed in 1954-1956. The city boundaries have been unchanged since 1954.

district

In defining the district boundaries, they tried to draw them along important roads or rivers, although they divided some former communities. The inner districts 1 and 3 to 9 are separated from the outer districts by the belt. In districts 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 19 and 20, the Danube Canal forms part of the districts and in districts 2, 11, 19, 20, 21 and 22 the Danube. the Danube Canal and the Danube separate Districts 2 and 20 from all others; districts 21 and 22 are the only ones on the left bank of the Danube. The Vienna River is also a district border almost all the way through the city (except the section from the western border to Hütteldorf).

Area and population of the 23 municipalities

district	surface in km²	resident (2020)	resident per km²	resident of foreign origin (as a percentage; Status: 2018)
1. inner city  0 1., inner city	2.87	16,047	000000000005591.00000000000 5.591	36.5
2. Leopoldstadt  0 2, Leopoldstadt	19.24	105,848	000000000005501.0000000000 5.501	45.2
3. Landstraße  0 3, Landstraße	7.40	91,680	000000000012389.00000000000 12.389	41.4
4. Divorce  0 4,	1.78	33,212	000000000018658.00000000000 18.658	42.2
5. Margaret  0 5, Margaret	2.01	55,123	000000000027424.0000000000 27.424	48.3
6. Mariahilf  0 6th, Mariahilf	1.46	31,651	000000000021679.0000000000 21.679	20.3
7. New building  0 7th, new	1.61	31,961	000000000019852.000000000019.852	38.8
8. Josefstadt  0 8, Josefstadt	1.09	25,021	000000000022955.0000000000 22.955	38.9
9. Alsergrund  0 9.	2.97	41,884	000000000014102.0000000000 14.102	41.1
10th Favorites  10., Favorites	31.83	207,193	000000000006509.0000000000 6.509	47.8
11th Simmering  11., Simmering	23.26	104,434	000000000004490.00000000000 4.490	40.1
12th Meidling  12, Meidling	8.10	97,078	000000000011985.0000000000 11.985	45.7
13th Hietzing  13, Hietzing	37.72	54,040	000000000001433.00000000000 1.433	28.7
14th Penzing  14, Penzing	33.76	93,634	000000000002774.00000000000 2.774	35.2
15th Rudolfsheim-Fuenhaus  15., Rudolfsheim-Fuenhaus	3.92	76,813	000000000019595.00000000000 19.595	53.6
16th Ottakring  16, Ottakring	8.67	103,117	000000000011894.0000000000 11.894	46.9
17th Hernals  17, Hernals	11.39	57,027	000000000005007.00000000005.007	43.7
18th Currency  18th, Currency	6.35	51,497	000000000008110.00000000008.110	36.7
19th Döbling  19th, Döbling	24.94	73,901	000000000002963.00000000000 2.963	34.8
20th Brigittenau  20, Brigittenau	5.71	86,368	000000000015126.0000000000 15.126	50.1
21st Floridsdorf  21., Floridsdorf	44.44	167,968	000000000003780.00000000000 3.780	33.2
22nd Donaustadt  22nd, Donaustadt	102.30	195,230	000000000001908.00000000001.908	30.4
23rd Liesing  23rd, Liesing	32.06	110,464	000000000003446.00000000000 3.446	27.9
City of Vienna	414.82	1,911,191	000000000004607.000000000004.607	40.2
district	surface in km²	resident (2020)	resident per km²	resident of foreign origin (in % Status: 2018)

Municipalities, towns and districts

In most outlying districts the historical names of formerly self-employed towns are preserved, whose coat of arms also include the county coat of arms. However, some villages and settlements from earlier eras no longer exist (see list of deserts in Vienna). Many districts or districts are due to the suburbs and suburbs that have been consigned, while others have emerged from housing initiatives of recent decades or are geographically clearly separated from other areas.

Other administrative subdivisions

• The National Council Elections Regulation provides for the subdivision of the district of Vienna into seven regional constituencies.
• The city is governed by federal law by twelve jurisdictions.
• For the land register (documentation of the property) the city area is divided into 89 municipalities in Vienna, whose boundaries do not necessarily correspond to those of the municipalities.
• According to official statistics, Vienna is divided into 1364 census detonators in 246 counting districts.

The roots of the city are at least pre-Roman. The beginnings of urban history date back to the 13th century. The city of Jans the Enikel.

ancient history, Roman times, Middle Ages

Roman excavations on the high market in the basement of the Roman Museum (2015)

Archeological findings show that during the Old Stone Age people had already committed the area and that from the Neolithic era the Vienna Basin was continuously inhabited. A number of arson tombs, as well as traces of settlement, testify to the bronze-age urnfield culture in Vienna. The older railway hall culture is in Vienna u. a. represented by a still well visible trench hill and remains of the settlement. From Celtic times it is known as an Oppidum on Leopoldsberg and a Celtic settlement called Vedunia ("Waldbach").

1. century n. c. the Romans set up a military camp (castrum) with the connected civilian town of Vindobona (in today's 3rd century AD) at the location of the present center of Vienna near the Danube. district) for border security in the province of Pannonia. Today, on the roads of the 1st district (inner city) you can still see the wall and the streets of the camp. In the Roman period, Vienna and Vindobona were granted city law for the first time. The Romans stayed until the 5th. century. The Roman legion camp was located far to the east of the Western Roman Empire and thus quickly fell victim to the turmoil of Germanic migration.

The center of early medieval Vienna was the Berghof, an economic court for the winemaking industry. The first documentary mention in the Middle Ages took place in the Annals of Salzburg in 881, where apud Weniam was a battle against the Magyars, although it is not clear whether it is the city or the river of Vienna. With the victory of the East Franconian King Otto I. about the Magyars in the battle on the Lechfeld in 1955 the ascent of Vienna and Austria began.

In 1976, the Babenbergers established the Ostarrichi (Marcha orientalis), on whose territory, on the border with Hungary, was also Vienna. Already in In 1155, the city of Vienna became the capital of Vienna. Only a year later, Austria was elevated to the duchy with the privilege of Minus, thus making Vienna a residence of the duke.

After the end of the Third Crusade, the King of England, Richard Lion Heart, returned to England by Markgraf Leopold V. the Tugendreichen in Erdberg near Vienna in 1192 (today in the 3rd century AD). and held in Dürnstein. With the luxurious ransom, a coin mint was set up and the first major urban expansion was financed. In 1221, Vienna became the second city in the duchy of Austria to be granted the city and stacking right after Enns (1212). The latter meant that merchants moving through Vienna had to sell their goods in the city. This allowed the Viennese to trade in goods, so that Vienna soon had far-reaching trade relations, especially along the Danube and to Venice, and was considered one of the most important cities in the region.

Habsburg

Rudolf IV, the monastery - He dominated the city.

Vienna in the Schedelschen Weltchronik, 1493

Rudolf I's victory. 1278 on Ottokar II. From Bohemia the rule of the Habsburgs began in Austria. Under the Luxembourgers, Prague became an imperial residence, under the shadow of Vienna. The early Habsburgs tried to expand the city to keep pace.

Rudolf IV earned great merit, who gained prosperity through wise economic policies. Two decisions have registered him with the name of the donors: the foundation of the University of Vienna in 1365 (model was Prague) and the construction of the Gothic Langhaus of St. Stephan. The following period of the inheritance disputes among the Habsburgs brought not only a lot of confusion, but also economic decline.

Vienna, 1773-81

In 1438 Vienna became Vienna after the election of Duke Albrechts V. on the Roman-German king (Albrecht II) residence of the Holy Roman Empire; The Viennese Gesera is also associated with the name Albrecht, in which the Jews of Vienna were expelled or killed in 1421/22. In 1469, the rising city became the seat of the bishop and thus the cathedral of St. Stephen. In the era of weak Friedrich III. Vienna was always on the side of his opponents, because he could not guarantee the peace of the countryside against confederations of mercenaries. In 1558, Vienna became the emperor's permanent seat (except for the years 1583 to 1620) after Hungary and Bohemia joined the Habsburgs.

From 1551 onwards, the town began to be recathosed, which had quickly become Protestant by the teachings of Martin Luther. King Ferdinand I. The Jesuits went to Vienna, which then gained great influence in the people. The Jesuits founded a college, they were entrusted with the University of Vienna, they exercised the censorship of books, making the city the starting point of the counter-reformation in the Holy Roman Empire. Melchior Khlesl, the bishop of Vienna in 1600, was the most important representative. The war of faith led to brutal expropriation and expulsion, so that after 1640 few Protestants lived in Vienna and Austria. In 2015, Vienna was awarded the title of "European City of Reform" by the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe because of its role in the history of reform.

In 1583 Elisabeth Plainacher was sentenced in a witch trial in Vienna and executed.

Turks besieged by the Ottoman Empire

The desert battle at Kahlenberg in 1683 during the second Turkish siege

In 1529, Vienna was first succesfully besieged by the Turks. The border between the Habsburg and Ottoman parts of Hungary has been only about 150 kilometers east of the city for almost two hundred years, which has quite limited their development. After all, Vienna now has modern fortifications.

These fortifications, built up to the 17th century. In 1683, the second Turkish invasion was to prove its worth, because they protected the city for two months until the Turkish army had to end Vienna's siege because of the arrival of the horror of the Polish king Jan Sobieski. This was the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's definitive push back from Central Europe.

Baroque and classicism

The Baroque Vienna: View from Belvedere Palace (Canaletto painting, 1758)

As a result, construction began to grow and the city flourished. In the course of the reconstruction, Vienna was largely baroque (Vienna gloriosa). Numerous noble palaces were built; This is especially linked to the names of the architects Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt. However, there was a lot of construction work outside the city walls. Since 1704, the suburbs had their own large-scale fortification system, the Liner Wall, in the course of what is today Gürtelstraße.

After the cuts caused by the major plague epidemics of 1679 and 1713, the population grew steadily. At that time, the first manufactures were established, the first in Leopoldstadt. The sewerage system and the cleaning of roads developed, which improved the hygiene conditions.

With the flowering of the city, Vienna soon became an important European cultural center, culminating in the music of the Vienna Classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert).

The Imperial City Between Conservativism and Avantgarde

Under the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I, himself an amusan man, Vienna experienced an unprecedented flowering of art, culture and architecture.

"Alt-Vienna" must give way. Historical houses (in the background here) replace the village character of the former suburbs around 1900.

ring road with k.k. Reichsrat building (parliament) around 1900; In 1902, the Pallas Athene fountain was unveiled in front of the building

Ball of the City of Vienna with mayor Karl Lüger as host in the festival hall of the Town Hall, 1904

In 1804, Vienna became the capital of a new state - the Austrian Empire. In the coalition wars, Vienna was seized twice - in 1805 and 1809 - by Napoleon's troops. In 1806 the death of the Holy Roman Empire was proclaimed in Vienna. After the victory over Napoleon, the Vienna Congress took place in 1814-1815, which reorganized political conditions in Europe.

The following period of the previous March was marked by rigid political repression, but also by the flourishing Biedermeier culture. In 1837 the first part of the (Kaiser-Ferdinand-) North Railway from Floridsdorf to Deutsch-Wagram opened its first (locomotive) railway line in Austria.

The French February Revolution of 1848 also affected Vienna: On March 13, the March Revolution broke out, and Chancellor Metternich was soon forced to resign. October is the Vienna October Revolution. Ultimately, the imperial military won against the Democrats. The democrat Robert Blum, who came to the aid of citizens from Frankfurt am Main, was executed in the brigade.

In 1850, the first phase of urban expansion began with the introduction of the "suburbs" within the liner wall and the Leopoldstadt on the Danube islands. From 1858, the city walls around the Old Town were cut and the ring road lined with monumental buildings was built on their place. The Ringstrasse style (Historism) is a decisive architectural feature of Vienna. The big stock market crash during the 1873 World Exhibition ended the founding period.

Since the great flooding of 1830, there has been constant reflection on the regulation of the Danube, which was carried out between 1868 and 1875. The many twisted arms of the Danube were excavated and a main cordless stream was created outside the city. The arm that led to the inner city was left in a modified, regulated form, it is called the Danube Canal.

bond issued by the City of Vienna on 23 June 1908 for Kronen 2000

With the beginning of industrialization in Vienna in the middle of the 19th century. In the 19th century, the city experienced an enormous increase in population. The population reached one million in 1870 and two million in 1910. The "Old Viennese" buildings, which are characterized by their local character, were replaced by four- to six-story residential and commercial buildings according to a town development plan. This was accompanied by major social upheavals.

With the emergence of a large working class and poverty in large parts of the population, social democracy strengthened. The large underclass often split up small apartments with "bed-walkers". Immigrants from all parts of the park Monarchy, especially Czechs, turned Vienna into a cultural melting pot. The city was hit by poverty with special mandated "Armenian councils".

Karl Lüger, a Christian social worker who served from 1897 to 1910, was the most famous mayor of the Imperial period. He became famous both for extensive communal reforms and for the arrogant anti-Semitism that characterized the political life of that time, directed against both "East Jews" from Galicia and the assimilated and economically successful Jewish Viennese civic life. (See here for Liege's position.) Adolf Hitler lived in Vienna at that time. In 1925, in his work My Struggle Liege, he described as "the most powerful German mayor ever".

In 1890, the city was enlarged to include the Lindwall, which was replaced by the Belt as the third street ring around the city. The toll for the consumption tax, now the city border, was still in existence until 1922; In 1891, a number of new liner shipping offices were established, most of which are still in existence.

Around 1900, the city experienced a new cultural highlight in the Vienna Modern period. He is not least connected with the artists' association Secession, which made Vienna a center of Art Nouveau. The Second Viennese School around Arnold Schönberg was created in music. In the literature, Jung-Wien stands for the transition to modernity, where the coffee house was a center of cultural creation. In the midst of this fertile cultural atmosphere, psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud.

World War I

World War I did not lead to the immediate threat of Vienna, but, as the war lasted, it led to a devastating supply crisis, which was reflected, among other things, in food riots. Women, in particular, were active here, breathing space in their desperation about hunger and, in some cases, did not shy away from looting. The end of the "Great War" was also the end of Austria-Hungary. 30. On October 1918 the new state of Germany was established.

First Republic and ‘Permanent State’

On November 11, 1918, Emperor Charles I gave birth. and left Schönbrunn Palace and the city of Vienna on the same day. The following day, the Provisional National Assembly in Parliament declared the Republic and decided that Germany should be part of the German Republic. The project proved to be impracticable in the spring of 1919.

The Federal Constitutional Law, the core of Austrian constitutional law, which entered into force on 10 November 1920, defines Vienna as its own country. Therefore, the The Vienna City Constitution entered into force on 18 November 1920 and the City Council and the City Council (as the Landtag) assume the regional competences of Vienna. The separation law containing the last asset law provisions of the separation of Lower Austria entered into force on 1 January 1996. in force on 1 January 1922. This is why, wrongly, this date is often called the founding date of the Land of Vienna, although it has been since 10. 19 November 1920.

Since then, except for the period 1934-1945 (immediate city in Austrofascism, Reichsgau under Nazi rule), Vienna has formed its own country. One of the reasons for separation from the surrounding area, apart from the domination of Lower Austria in the new small state feared by the poorer German Länder, was the differences between the predominantly social democratic urban and predominantly Christian rural population. The separation was very important for the further development of Vienna, as the city now had the power to tax.

The Karl-Marx-Hof is a prime example of the social housing of the "Red Vienna" before 1934.

The policy of the city government of that time ("Rotes Wien") was recognized internationally as a pioneering achievement. A dense network of social facilities and workers in large-scale "municipal" housing has been created.

Vienna was the stage for the economic and political instability of the First Republic. Here, in Parliament, in the media, in political organizations and also in many demonstrations, the political decisions of the conservative government were attacked or defended. The fire of the Palace of Justice on 15 May 2006 July 1927, during which there were serious clashes between the Federal Security Watch and demonstrators, with a total of 94 deaths, was a sign of incipient radicalization.

The battle of the two major political camps culminated from the 12th to the 15th. February 1934 in the "February uprising" of the Social Democrats (the version of the government) or in the "Civil War, in which the government deployed the military against the people" (social democratic reading). It was followed for four years by the Clerical Austrofascist dictatorship of the state, which declared Vienna to be a "federal city" and its democratic city council on 12 March. 12 February 1934. The July putsch of the Austrian National Socialists, which followed the same year, failed, but cost the life of the dictatorship chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuß.

Vienna at the time of Nazism and the Second World War

Memorial for the Austrian Jewish victims of the Shoah at the Jewish Square in the 1st century. district of Vienna

12. On 11 March 1938 Adolf Hitler had the German Wehrmacht invaded Austria to replace the austrofascist dictatorship with the active support of the Austrian National Socialists, who had already begun the "takeover" on 11 March (see "the connection of Austria"). 15. In March 1938 Hitler gave his famous follow-up address on the balcony of the Vienna Court in front of hundreds of thousands of enthusiastically cheering people on the Heroes Square.

Hitler's policies aimed at destroying the Jews fell in Vienna for centuries and since the beginning of the 20th century. Centuries of growing anti-Semitism on fertile soil. Immediately after the Nazi takeover, the so-called "wild arization" began: Whoever wanted, robbed his Jewish neighbors, threw them out of their shops or apartments, or otherwise made them feel his contempt. This eruption of anti-Jewish sentiment, which the Nazi bureaucracy so unlikely, was soon directed into orderly ways, transforming discrimination, disenfranchisement, robbery, and so on into bureaucratic processes that should appear to be law and order.

For Novemberpogroms starting on 9. 92 synagogues of Vienna were destroyed on November 1938. Only one was spared, the temple in the 1st century AD. District, because in the adjacent municipal spaces the addresses of all Jews of Vienna were kept in the archive of the Israeli Cultural Community. From there, Jewish Viennese chosen by the Nazi regime had to co-organize the emigration or deportation of their religions. In the Palais Rothschild (4th, Prinz-Eugen-Straße, today the new building of the Chamber of Labor), Adolf Eichmann's central office for Jewish emigration (emigration was mostly meant in war by robbery, deportation and murder). Of the almost 200,000 Jewish Viennese robbed, some 120,000 were forced into emigration and approximately 60,000 were murdered. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only 5,243.

From 17 March 1944, more than fifty air strikes took place in Vienna, destroying about one fifth of the city. There were no surface bombardments like in Hamburg or Dresden. However, about a third of the city's city center was destroyed, as were buildings of major cultural importance, such as the State Opera and the Albertina. The St. Stephen's Cathedral, which had survived the air war without bombing, was burned not by combat but by looting. Gauleiter Baldur von Schirach prevented all attempts to declare Vienna an "open city" like Rome. From 5. On April 1945, the eight-day battle over Vienna ended with the defeat of the Wehrmacht and the occupation of the Red Army, which came from Hungary.

Consequences of the Nazism

The monarchy echoed the capital function of Vienna until 1938 with the beginning of the Nazi era. The intellectual and artistic life of Vienna suffered enormous, irresistible derrage, especially through the persecution of Jews. The emergence of the Eastern Bloc made Vienna a meeting place for the spies from East and West, but it severely hampered the economic and scientific reconstruction of Vienna.

More than 20% of the housing stock was totally or partially destroyed, almost 87,000 homes uninhabitable. More than 3000 bomb funders were counted in the city area, many bridges were in debris, canals, gas and water pipelines had suffered severe damage. The first thing was to solve the most basic problems, and the city had to be made operational again.

occupation, Second Republic, reconstruction

1. September 1945 to 27. In July 1955, Vienna was divided into four sectors in its pre-1938 borders. In 1938, the brightened areas were communized in Greater Vienna and were part of the Soviet occupation zone of Lower Austria.

A few days after the end of World War II fighting in the Vienna area in mid-April, the Soviet army set up a new city administration. Political parties also formed - even before the war on 8 May. May in Europe. Only in the autumn of 1945 did the Soviets leave military contingents of the other three allies, the United States, Great Britain and France, to Vienna; it remained a four-sector town until 1955. 1. The area, which had not been assigned to any of the four occupying powers, changed the occupation every month. The Red Army had to deal with actual and alleged rapes by its soldiers, which led police chief Carl Szokoll to protest Marshal Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbuchin on April 12, 1945.

In the Schwarzenbergplatz (Schwarzenbergplatz), the southern part of which was called Stalinplatz in 1946, the Red Army erected the monument in 1945, a monument known as the Liberation Monument, Hero Monument or Red Army Monument. It was published on the 19th It was unveiled in August 1945 and has since been maintained by the Municipality. His guarantee of the stock is agreed in the treaty.

After the war, an unprecedented economic upswing took place in Vienna, as elsewhere in the country and in Western Europe, in which the Marshall Plan played a very significant role.

After the 4th The wage-price agreements of the social partners led the October strike in 1950 by discontented, communist-dominated workers. He was unsuccessful because of the political and intra-union isolation of the strikers, and the construction workers' union, led by Franz Olah and dominated by the social democratic party, also sent out rolling commands against the strikers.

In 1954, after the Soviet Union had given up its veto, the reduction of Greater Vienna to the present urban area decided in 1946 could enter into force. 80 former municipalities returned to Lower Austria, 17 remained with Vienna.

15. The Austrian State Treaty on 15 May 1955 gave the country full freedom. The contract entered into force on 27 June 1998. which the occupying forces had to withdraw within three months.

From the Hungarian uprising to the present

The second Reichsbrücke in 1975 (collapsed in 1976); the Vienna International Center, which is currently under construction,

Modern Vienna: View of DC-Tower 1 in the Danube City; the Vienna International Center, the third headquarters of the United Nations, to the left of the Danube Tower and to the right of the Neue Donau tower

In the autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarians who had fled west after the failed uprising against the communist regime. Likewise, many Czechs and Slovaks were admitted in 1968, who had left Czechoslovakia after the violent end of the Prague Spring. Vienna experienced another wave of refugees after the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991. It was only in November 1989 that Vienna became a natural destination for the citizens of these countries.

In 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) became the first international organization after 1945. Since 1965, Vienna has also been the seat of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In 1961, a summit was held in Vienna between US President John F. Kennedy and the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. In 1979, the Vienna International Center (the third headquarters of the United Nations) was opened, which together with the Austria Center Vienna, which was later built, forms the UNO city. All of this contributed to Vienna's position as a city of congresses and mediation in conflict situations. Since 2003, Vienna has belonged to the European region of Centrope and, together with neighboring Bratislava, is forming a "Twin City" ("Twin City"), which now has a population of around 3 million people.

In 1964 the WIG 64, the Vienna International Garden Show in 1964, took place on the site of a former mistral square on the left bank of the Danube - with the Donauturm as a new landmark. In 1986, the New Danube, which had been excavated in place of the old flood area next to the river Danube, was completed, as was the Danube Island between the two waters, which became a popular recreational area. End of 20th In the 19th century, new residential areas were created on both sides of the Danube and a high-rise area on the left bank of the Danube was established with the Danube City.

Today, Vienna is ranked among the best quality of life cities in international ratings, most recently (2016) it ranked first in the world ahead of Zurich and Auckland, second and third, and Munich and Vancouver respectively fourth and fifth. The high proportion of the city's green areas (around 50%), the comparatively very good environmental quality of the city (excluding air quality and transport), the high level of social and police security, the first-class health care system, the sophisticated education system, the density of cultural institutions, the efficient public administration, the quality of Vienna's leisure time and the dense network of public transport make a significant contribution.

On 2 November 2020, 5 people (including the perpetrator) were killed and more than 20 were injured, some severely, in Vienna during an attack that was considered to be Islamist.

population

population

Population of Vienna, 1590-2013

Population development in Vienna since 2002

In the early 1910s Vienna had about 2.1 million inhabitants and was one of the largest cities in the world. After World War I, the population decreased by about 200,000; many civil servants and employees of non-German mother tongue returned to their countries of origin. The years as the capital of a multi-ethnic state, however, have left Vienna with a lasting influence. At the time, the city was a "melting pot" of people of different origins, culture and religion. After decades of population stagnation, Vienna has been a city since the 1990s. It is a new city of immigrants.

Since the 1950s, several settlement trends have been evident in the Vienna conurbation: On the one hand, almost the entire region is marked by large birth deficits, while on the other hand, the influx from other federal states and from abroad protects Vienna and its surrounding communities from a decline in population in most cases. The population decreased to 1,484,885 persons in 1987, the lowest since 1890. Since then, the population has been growing again and, according to forecasts, immigration could reach another two million by the second half of the 2020's. (In 2019, it was already 1.9 million.)

On 1 January 2020, 30.8% of Viennese citizens were non-Austrian and 36.7% were not born in Austria. Of the 589,000 inhabitants without Austrian citizenship:

• 20.0% from the former Yugoslavia without Slovenia and Croatia
• 08.4% from Germany
• 07.8% from Turkey
• 07.4% from Poland
• 07.1% from the other 20 EU-27 Member States
• 06.2% from Romania
• 04.3% from Hungary
• 03.9% from Croatia
• 03.3% from Bulgaria
• 02.8% from Slovakia
• 01,2 % from the EEA, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

In particular, the number of immigrants from EU and EEA countries is increasing, while the number of people from former Yugoslavia has remained almost constant since 2002.

In 2019, an average of 855,000 (45.9%) of 1.862 million inhabitants had a migrant background. Of these, 644,000 were first-generation immigrants. The largest groups of migrants in 2016 were Serbian (99,082.54%), Turkish (76,363.4%), German (55,361.3%), Polish (51,639.2.8%) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (40,387, 2.2%) origin. Of people of non-European origin, people from Asia are the largest group (101,512, 5.5%), followed by Africans (27,657, 1.5%) and Americans (14,666, 0.8%); 1,008 inhabitants (0.05%) of Vienna originally come from Australia or Oceania.

With a population growth of 4.65% between 2010 and 2025, Vienna could become the fastest-growing European city region, according to a UN-Habitat study.

religion

St. Stephen's Cathedral, also called Steffl, has been a symbol of the city since its construction (view of Rudolf von Alt, 1832)

The Temple of the City, the only preserved historical synagogue in Vienna, is the center of the Israeli Cultural Community

religious statistics

The percentage of religious communities in Vienna in 2011:

• 41.3% - Roman Catholic
• 31.6 % - without commitment
• 11.6% - Islamic
• 08,4% - Orthodox
• 04,2 % - Protestant
• 02,9 % - other religious communities

As of 1 January 2014, the Catholics in Vienna (653,646 members) had a share of 37.0% and the Evangelical (A. B. and H. 55,179 members 3.1%.

The Vienna Statistical Yearbook showed these figures for the end of 2018:

• 32.2% - Roman Catholic
• 10.3% - Islamic (2017, estimate)
• 03,7% - Orthodox
• 02,7 % - Protestant
• 0,4 % - other
• 00.4% - Israeli
• 50.3% - not designated

As of 1 January 2018, the proportion of Catholics in Vienna with 610,269 members was 32.2%, as well as the proportion of Protestants (A.B. and H.B.) with 51,196 members 2.7%.

Christianity

The Roman Catholic community is Vienna's largest religious community. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna and its archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. In 2018, 32.2% of the population of Vienna belonged to the Roman Catholic Church; In 1971, it was 78.6%.

The second largest Christian community in Vienna is the Orthodox churches. The Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Eparchie Austria is located in the third district. Vienna is also the seat of the Greek Orthodox metropolitan of Austria. The third largest Christian community in the city is the Protestant Church. Vienna is the seat of the Lutheran Evangelical Oberkirchenrat A.B. in Austria, with Bishop Michael Chalupka at the head, and the seat of the reformed Church Council H.B., headed by the superintendent Thomas Hennefeld. The Old Catholic Church of Austria, which has about 4000 members, is located at the Schottenring and has the seat of the church management. There are several old Catholic parishes in Vienna. Since 1871, the oldest parish has been based in the St. Salvator Church of the Old Viennese Town Hall. In addition to the Catholic and Protestant churches, only the old Catholic is mentioned in the dictatorship law on church contributions.

Baptists have been in Vienna since 1847. In 1869, the first municipality could be constituted after the state had long refused to recognize it. The participants included Johann Gerhard Oncken and Edward Millard. The Baptists currently have eight municipalities in Vienna, including two Romanian, one Spanish and one international English-speaking community. The seat of the Austrian Baptistenbund is also located in Vienna. In Vienna there are also municipalities of other evangelical free churches, such as the Adventists, Methodists, the Mennonites and the Healthcare Army, as well as municipalities of the Federal Protestant Communities and the Pentecost Movement. The community of Christians is also represented by two municipalities. Syrian Christianity, with more than 5,000 members, is a continuously growing community due to the steady influx of Assyrians from Mesopotamia. Most Assyrians in Vienna belong to the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antiochia.

Islam

The second largest religious community, after the Catholic one, is the Islamic one. Her president has been Fuat Sanaç since 2011. Islam has been a recognized religion in Austria since 1912 (see recognition of Islam in Austria). In recent decades, many Muslim immigrants have grown the community.

Judaism

Until 1938, Vienna had one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe, with the most recent 185,000 members of the Cultural Community. Today the Israeli Cultural Community of Vienna has around 7000 members. The president is Oskar Deutsch, Schlomo Hofmeister has been a municipal councilor in Vienna since 2008, and Jaron Engelmayer has been a senior rabbi since 2020.

Vienna City Hall

Michael Ludwig (SPÖ) has been Mayor and Governor of Vienna since 2018.

national flag

history

In the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrat, the general, equal and direct right to vote for men at state level has existed since 1907. Until 1918, Mayor Lüger and his successors prevented the adoption of this right to vote in the municipal elections. The first elections, in which all adult women and men were eligible, took place in 1919 after the end of the monarchy. Since 1919, in all free elections, the Austrian Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) has been appointing the mayor and the city council (the College of City Councils) and the municipal council of Vienna (the City Parliament), with a majority of the Social Democratic Party since 1919.

On 10 November 1920, the day the Federal Constitution came into force, which defined Vienna as its own federal state in Article 114 and made its separation from Lower Austria possible, the "municipal council as a state parliament" in the first state parliament session even adopted the democratic city constitution, which was signed by "the mayor as the state's capital". Since then, the mayor of Vienna has also been the head of the state, the city council has also been the state parliament. The Vienna State Constitutional Law of 29 June 1999. The final separation was confirmed and the previous Land assets were divided. The short-lived common national constitution was repealed at the end of 1921. The separation law was (art. 4. 3) but specifically: "The Landtag and the Land Government of Lower Austria are entitled to take their seat in Vienna." This permission was used by Lower Austria until 1996, when the Lower Austrian Land Government and its Landtag moved to the newly elected capital of St. Pölten.

From 1934 to 1945, during the period of Austrofascism and Nazism, no democratic elections took place, and democratic urban policy was interrupted by unconstitutional dictatorship measures. In 1945 the Vienna City Constitution was put back into effect.

government structure

Acting Mayor and Governor is Michael Ludwig (SPÖ). In Vienna’s administration, the Land of Vienna must be distinguished from the same city as Vienna.

Land Vienna

Since November 1920, Vienna has had the Landtag, which is the seat of the municipal council (except the chairmen), as the regional legislator and the state government as the supreme administrative organ. According to the federal constitution, the state captain also heads the so-called indirect federal administration; Agendas administered under federal law by state offices under the supervision of the respective federal ministry. In this area, the state captain (as well as any executive council that he has appointed) is bound by instructions from the minister or the federal government. The Vienna City Council serves as the seat of the Vienna State Government.

City of Vienna

The highest administrative organ of the city is the Vienna municipal council, which has been democratically elected since 1919. He elects the mayor and the municipal councilors, who have been the city council since June 1920 and also the state government of Vienna since November 1920. The latest election of the mayor and new councilors took place on 24 May 2018.

In accordance with the decisions of the Municipal Council, the city is managed by the City of Vienna’s mayor, city councilor and mayor of Vienna, who is also the head of the regional office, the head of the civil service and is directly under the authority of the mayor.

In addition to the Directorate of the Magistrate (strategically important areas which are directly under the direction of the Magistrate's Director and thus the mayor), the Magistrate's Council departments and (Magistrate's) companies are located in the Magistrate Council. These are grouped into business groups, which are politically under the authority of a city council. Ownership functions of companies owned under the private law of the City of Vienna (in particular Viener Stadtwerke Holding AG and Wien Holding GmbH) are also represented by leading city councilors. In addition, in the sense of the local administration, the Magistracy Council has a local administrative office for each municipality under the authority of the Director of the Magistrate Council; in several cases, two adjacent districts share a district office.

Only the mayor is personally answerable to the City Audit Office (until 2013 the Vienna City Audit Office), which, like the Court of Auditors in the State as a whole, has access and audit rights for all municipal services and undertakings and is free of instructions as to the nature and scope of its audits.

district representations

Vienna is the only city in Austria with county offices. The electorate of each district shall elect its district representation at the same time as the municipal council (the individual member is called the district council); the latter shall elect the head of the district and two alternates. In the district representation elections, citizens of other EU Member States who live permanently in Vienna are also entitled to vote. Some administrative areas of the municipality (e.g. a. maintenance of compulsory schools and the local road network) and the budgets allocated for this purpose have been transferred to the districts. The Magistrate shall be responsible for the implementation of measures in accordance with the relevant decisions of the District Council.

municipal elections in 2020

In the 2020 elections to the Vienna Council, the following distribution of votes or seats in the municipal council (100 seats to be allocated) took place:

International organizations

UNO city north of the Danube, consisting of the Vienna International Center and the Austria Center Vienna (left in the picture).

OSCE headquarters in the Court

In 1979, Vienna became the third UN city after New York and Geneva. In addition, Vienna is the seat of many other international organizations. Examples include:

• IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (Nobel Peace Prize 2005); since 1957 in Vienna)
• CTBTO PrepCom - Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
• IPI - International Press Institute
• IKSD - International Commission for the Protection of the Danube
• OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting States
  • OFID - OPEC Fund for International Development
• OSCE - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
• UN - United Nations
  • UNIDO - Industrial Development Organization
  • UNODC - Office on Drugs and Crime
  • UNDCP - International Drug Control Program
  • UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  • UNCITRAL - United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
  • UNOSA - United Nations Office on Outer Space Affairs
  • UNSCEAR - United Nations Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
  • UNPA - United Nations Postal Administration
• German Order - Headquarters of the Order of the Brothers of the German Hospital St. Mary in Jerusalem
• INTOSAI - International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
• I.O.I. - International Ombudsman Institute
• FRA - European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (formerly: EUMC - European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia)

coat of arms, flag and anthem

The coat of arms of Vienna from 1461, awarded by Friedrich IV.

The symbols of Vienna are listed in the Law on Symbols of the Federal Capital of Vienna (Landesgesetzblatt Nr. 10 / 1998) and have been the same since 1945 as in 1934 in Vienna. The coat of arms of Vienna shows "a white cross in a red sign". In a further form, the coat of arms may be used "also in the form of a breast sign in the shape of a black golden eagle", the use of which is reserved for the organs of the municipality of Vienna and the Land of Vienna. The crucifix probably dates back to the Reichssturm flag. It can be seen as a coat of arms with eagle in 1237 and for the first time on a Vienna Pfenning in 1278. It dates on seals at the earliest, but as a sign of Vienna uncertain, 1228.

The Viennese flag "shall consist of two equally wide horizontal bands; the top is red, the bottom is white. The ratio of the height of the flag to its length is two to three." The flag was (re)introduced in 1946.

The seal of the Federal Capital of Vienna also uses the coat of arms in an eagle's chest sign. The title "Bundeshauptstadt Wien" or the name of the municipal body or the Land of Vienna shall be used as a title.

Vienna is the only state with no official anthem.

national coat of arms (primary presentation)	national coat of arms as a breast plate (secondary presentation; Use reserved by the institutions of Vienna)	seal	national flag	national flag	logo

town cooperation

Vienna maintains city cooperation on the basis of defined thematic priorities:

• since 1990 - Hungary Budapest (Hungary)
• since 1991 - Russia Moscow (Russia)
• since 1991 - Ukraine Kiev (Ukraine)
• since 1993 - Slovakia Bratislava (Slovakia), renewed in 2003 ("Twin City")
• since 1994 - Croatia Zagreb (Croatia)
• since 1998 - Czech Republic Brno (Czech Republic)
• since 2001 - Poland Warsaw (Poland)
• since 2003 - Serbia Belgrade (Serbia)
• since 2005 - Israel Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Israel)
• since 2006 - United States New York City (United States)
• since 2008 - Tunisia Tunis (Tunisia)
• since 2010 - Turkey Istanbul (Turkey)

Individual districts in Vienna also have partnerships with districts in other cities, see there.

Former Vienna Postsparkasse at Georg-Coch-Platz, built in 1906 by Otto Wagner

The Old Stock Exchange at the Scottish Ring

Vienna is one of the most prosperous regions in the European Union. In comparison with the gross domestic product of the European Union expressed in purchasing power standards, Vienna achieved an index of 158 in 2014 (EU-28: 100, Austria: 129). The city enjoys an international reputation for high quality of life, low crime rates and is often referred to as a "springboard to the East" from a Western European perspective, as the city and its companies have long maintained good relations with the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). Especially in the run-up to the EU's eastward enlargement, many large foreign companies grouped or re-established their activities in the Central and Eastern European countries in Vienna to address the development of these markets from Vienna. In some cases, this decision was accompanied by the acquisition of an Austrian company based in Vienna and operating in the CEECs. This was done by Heineken, a Dutch beverage company, acquiring Brau Union, or Unicredit, an Italian bank, taking over Bank Austria. Other foreign companies with CEEC headquarters in Vienna include the French building materials group Lafarge and the German companies Henkel, REWE and Beiersdorf. The majority of the large Austrian corporations also have their headquarters in Vienna. These include the oil company OMV, the brick manufacturer Wienerberger, Telekom Austria and almost all Austrian banks.

With the Vienna Stock Exchange, Austria's only stock exchange is located in Vienna. Since 2010, Vienna has also been the seat of the CEE Stock Exchange Group, which is a subsidiary of not only the Vienna Stock Exchange but also the stock exchanges in Budapest, Ljubljana and Prague.

According to the 2001 census in Vienna, 821,458 people were employed in 87,691 companies. The district with the most jobs is the inner city (1. district).

In 2005, an average of 92,864 Vienna unemployed people were registered. This corresponded to an unemployment rate of 13.3% according to the Austrian calculation method, or 8.2% according to the EU calculation method. Vienna had the highest unemployment rate compared to the other eight states. In August 2018, Vienna counted 139,674 unemployed including trainees.

real estate

Prices for real estate and rent in Vienna have risen sharply in recent years (until the end of 2014). Nevertheless, property and rent prices are comparatively favorable compared to other cities with similar or lower quality of life.

By the end of 2014, an average price of around €4,500 per square meter was calculated for the purchase of real estate in actual transactions, as well as an average rental price of €14.16, with prices correspondingly higher in the inner city districts.

tourism

The Schönbrunn Castle attracts around 6.7 million visitors every year.

Fiaker with pausing coaches at the Hero Square

The Giant Ferris Wheel, built in 1897, is a landmark of the city

The city is well-known and a popular tourist destination thanks to the numerous magnificent buildings from the Roman-German and Austrian Imperial times, diverse cultural offerings and not least the reputation of Vienna as the capital of music, which Vienna acquired as a result of the creation of numerous famous classical musicians such as Beethoven, Mozart and Mahler.

Fiaker is a coach for guests through the world-heritage inner city, the old town center where St. Stephen's Cathedral is located.

1. The district is also home to the State Opera, the Hofburg (city residence of the emperors), Kärntner Strasse (the most frequented pedestrian zone in Austria), well-known hotels and pastry shops and the magnificent Ringstrasse surrounding the old town. Since 1980, Vienna has developed a very lively and diverse scene with local districts, art galleries, cabarets, jazz clubs and all kinds of events.

Many tourists come in December when the city can boast its Christmas markets, its "New Year's Eve Trail" through the Old Town and its "imperial ball". Most of Vienna's attractions are open all year round. The most visited sights include St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Schloss and Tiergarten Schönbrunn, the Belvedere, the Art History Museum, the Hofburg, the Albertina, the Giant Ferris Wheel and the Museum Quartier.

Results since 2019

In 2019, Vienna registered 17.6 million overnight stays (+6.8% compared to 2018) at 7.927 million guest arrivals, of which 83% were foreign guests, and a net turnover of 1.022 billion euros in accommodation (+14.5%). The number of hotel beds rose to 68,200 in 2019; They were 61.9% full. The result has been the best ever (for the tenth time in a row). The total turnover of tourism in Vienna is estimated at more than EUR 4 billion per year.

In 2019, the main 10 source markets together accounted for 66.0% of the accommodation result:

In 2020, the frequency of visitors decreased very sharply due to the pandemic.

hotel

The capacity for accommodation has increased significantly in recent years due to new hotel facilities and will continue to increase as several hotels are under construction. In December 2017, more than 65,100 beds were available.

12 percent of the beds were offered in the 5-star category, 48.7 percent in the 4-star category, 26.8 percent with three stars and 12.5 percent of the beds in two-star or one-star establishments. In practice, some establishments have long ago refused to be officially classified and to run stars.

Depending on the season, the occupancy rate in 2013 ranged from 36.3% in January to 65.5% in August, while the occupancy rate ranged from 46.3% in January to 82.8% in August. A total turnover of 276 euros per guest and per night was last calculated for 2009.

For 2015, the Vienna Tourism Concept 2015, published in October 2009, resulted in 11 million overnight stays (+10% compared to 2008) and an increase of 100 million euro in overnight sales (+20% compared to 2008 = over 58 EUR 4 million) (2008 turnover: EUR 487 million). The 2011 target was already reached with 11.4 million overnight stays and was significantly exceeded by 13.5 million overnight stays in 2014; turnover in 2012 was EUR 540 million.

congress tourism

Many international congresses, corporate meetings, reward trips and general business trips contribute to Vienna’s tourist success. Vienna was ranked third in the world for 2013 by the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA); The Union of International Associations (UIA) also ranked Vienna third in the world, behind Singapore and Brussels, with 318 international meetings in 2013. Previously, Vienna was ranked number one seven in a row by the ICCA.

The overall result of the 2013 Vienna Convention Business with 3389 events, 501,000 participants, 1.4 million overnight stays (11% of total results) and 832 million euros in added value was described by the Vienna Tourism Association as high level but not a record. 483 euros were spent per person and per night.

media

The ORF-Zentrum Küniglberg in the 13th district of Vienna

The corner Vordere Zollamtsstraße (left) / Sparefrohgasse (right), central to the daily newspaper Der Standard.

Vienna is the headquarters of many media of all genres. The largest company of this kind is the public service broadcaster ORF, which is based in Küniglberg, The district of Hietzing and its radio programs Ö1, Radio Wien, Ö3 and FM4, located on Argentinierstraße in the 4th district. District and on the Heiligenstadt Lände. Radio 1476, better known as Ö1 International, is broadcast internationally via Mittelwelle. The ORF film studios, which are sometimes used for television programs, are located on the Rosenhügel in the 23rd century. Municipality of Liesing.

Other television channels based in Vienna are the Austrian-wide private channel ATV (formerly ATVplus) and the music channel gotv, which has its greatest reach in Vienna. Since June 2004 PULS 4 (formerly Puls TV) has been available. Until the beginning of 2008 it had been limited to Vienna. The TV station, based in the seventh district, produces several Austrian-specific programs, including the Austria Top News for ProSieben Austria. At the end of 2005, a non-commercial television channel for Vienna was launched under the name of Okto.

In addition to the ORF radio stations, 11 private commercial radio stations as well as the non-commercial local radio station Orange 94.0 broadcast on VHF stations from Vienna.

In addition to local newspapers, the most important print media in Austria also have their headquarters in Vienna. The News publishing group is a clear market leader in the magazine sector. Her publications include the magazines News, Profile, Trend, woman and TV media. According to the most widely published weekly newspaper, however, the entertainment magazine The whole week is Austria-wide with over 300,000 copies. The Kronen Zeitung, Kurier, Austria, Der Standard, Die Presse and Wiener Zeitung are also based in Vienna. A formerly important newspaper in Vienna, which produced many successful journalists, was the Arbeiter-Zeitung, founded in 1889 and discontinued in 1991, which was the first medium in Vienna to address socially critical issues. The weekly newspaper Falter is of great local importance, and its investigative journalistic work often determines media topics throughout Austria. A special feature is the free newspaper available mainly in metro stations today, which stands out mainly for its high advertising content and the highest circulation in Vienna. In addition, there are numerous print media with a smaller circulation and thematic specialization on topics such as religion or politics. Among them, fear is the most important. With Augustin and the much smaller edition of Uhudla, there are two street newspapers in Vienna that are sold by homeless people.

Vienna City Council owns numerous media under the umbrella brand "Wien.at". In addition to the city’s web service, there are numerous printed products, such as the monthly "Vienna.at - Your city’s info sheet" as well as seven free target group magazines, which are sent on request. On behalf of the city, the weekly news program "Wien.at TV" will be produced, which is broadcast on the W24 cable channel and is available online. The media of the city of Vienna is handled by the Department of Magistrate of 53 - Press and Information Service.

In addition to traditional media companies, many other media companies are also very active in Vienna, such as advertising agencies, web agencies and film companies.

agriculture

16% of the area of Vienna is used for agricultural purposes by about 900 gardening and farming enterprises. More than 5,000 hectares are arable land, 637 hectares are vineyards in 140 vineyards and 870 hectares are used for horticulture, mainly for vegetable production. The most important wine-growing areas are Bisamberg, Nussberg, Kahlenberg and Georgenberg. Green Veltliner, Riesling, Chardonnay, Weissburgunder, Zweigelt, Welschriesling, Neuberger, Traminer and Gelber Muskateller are the main cultivators. The so-called Viennese mixed set consists of three quality wines in a belt of between 10 and 50% each, which must have been read and processed together. Of the approximately 115,000 tons of annual vegetable food production, approximately 60,000 tons are produced by the approximately 40 varieties of vegetables grown in Vienna, mainly tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, salad and radishes. About a third of the vegetable consumption in Vienna is thus produced within the city limits. The growing areas are the Simmeringer Haide. The largest Austrian vegetable distribution company, the LGV fresh vegetables, is also based and has its main warehouse in Simmering.

Hunting is practiced in the outskirts of Vienna (e.g. a. wild boar, deer, arthroat and red deer). Around half of Vienna’s 41,460 hectares are part of hunting grounds, of which about 4,000 hectares are also designated as hunting grounds.

infrastructure

The City of Vienna’s municipal council, the Vienna municipal office, is responsible for large parts of the city’s technical and social infrastructure. The more than 60 specialized departments of the Magistracy manage together with the 19 municipal offices of the Magistracy, the activities according to § 71 Vienna City Constitution (Krankenanstaltenverbund, Wiener Wohnen, Wien Kanal) and the divested or private companies of the city (Wiener Stadtwerke Holding AG, Museen der Stadt Wien, Wien Holding GmbH) important areas of public life in the Federal Republic capital (kindergartens, schools, parks, public woodland, refuse collection, etc.).

In 1998, as in the case of larger municipalities in Europe, the Vienna Metro was used to finance infrastructure projects, and in 2002 the Vienna sewerage system was installed in the 21st and 22nd centuries. Sold by cross-border leasing contract and is rented back for a period of 35 years. The City of Vienna was thus to benefit from a tax incentive in the United States, but this tax gap was closed several years ago and any loss of income by the investor would have to be borne by the City. This law provides with the "Grandfathering Clause" that was established before the 17th However, this is in breach of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and is also in breach of EU opposition, which is why this regime needs to be modified. In the meantime, the cross-border contracts are being dissolved again by the Vienna City Government.

The City of Vienna is responsible for the technical safety of the city (construction police, railway law, water law, etc.); in the case of the construction police with the state government, in the case of railway law with the Ministry of Transport, in the case of water law with the Ministry of the Environment, as a second instance.

technical infrastructure

town planning

The Vienna Urban Development Plan (short: STEP) is produced by MA 18 (Department of the Magistrate, Department 18), sets the guidelines for urban development in the coming years and thus contributes significantly to urban infrastructure. Urban development plans will be revised at ten-year intervals. While post-1945 demographic stagnation lasted for a long time, reflected in urban development plans (privilege of building construction, etc.), more expansionary concepts have reappeared since the collapse of socialism in Warsaw Pact states. For example, the revision of the STEP 84, which was adopted in 1994, already took account of the significant growth in the population caused by immigration. The 2005 Urban Development Plan (STEP 05) covers a dozen target areas, such as the Waterfront, an area from the Danube Canal via the Praterstern, North Railway District, Commercial Park to the Old Danube, or the Wiental. Urban planning also focuses on Vienna’s regional and international transport connections.

The construction of high-rise buildings, especially in the city center, is particularly controversial in Vienna. In 2001, the city planning developed a high-rise building concept, which was subsequently discussed in detail. It was based on previous studies of the tower (architect Hugo Potyka 1972 and Coop Himmelb(l)au 1992). According to the Urban Development Commission, the concept "Hochhäuser in Vienna" was adopted by the Municipal Council in April 2002.

municipal supply

Since 1873, the Vienna Water has originated in the Schneeberg region.

Since 1873 Vienna has been supported by the I. Vienna's high-spring water pipeline with water from the Rax-Schneeberg area and since 1910 also through the II. Viennese flood water pipeline from the flood area. The sites were declared a water protection area in 1965 and are managed by the forestry administration of the city of Vienna. Water from a groundwater plant in Lobau is rarely added to the flood water in certain districts, for example during maintenance work or particularly high water consumption.

All wastewater is channeled through the Vienna sewerage system into the main urban wastewater treatment plant in Simmering, where, until 2006, drained sewage water, so-called mixed water, had reached the Danube canal or the Danube river during cleaning and heavy rain. This problem was solved by the city of Vienna with the construction of the Wientalkanal. It is 3.5 kilometers long and was completed in 2006. Since then, the waste water has been collected in its entirety and then supplied to the waste water treatment plants according to the available capacity of the waste water treatment plants.

The canal system reached international fame through the film The Third Man.

The Wiener Networking GmbH employs about 2800 people and is a subsidiary of Vienna Stadtwerke, which is part of the entire city of Vienna. The electricity market itself is liberalized, but competition is only strong in the wholesale sector. Vienna Energie is Vienna’s most important supplier of electricity.

Vienna has a large district heating network, which is operated by Vienna Energie. Production takes place in the three large incinerators Spittelau, Simmeringer Haide and Flötzersteig.

The (accessible) Freudenau power station congestion the Danube stream, two pipe bridges lead from left-sufrigen Vienna to the right-susty Lower Austria.

communication

Since February 2014, a new top-level domain for internet addresses (domains) for companies, organizations and individuals related to Vienna has been in operation. On behalf of the City of Vienna, it is managed and marketed by punkt.Wien GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of Compass Group GmbH.

transport infrastructure

In 2014, 39% of all trails were traveled in Vienna by public transport. 27 percent of the roads were reached on foot and another 27 percent by car. At 7%, Vienna’s city planners still see a low proportion of the trails traveled by bicycle. In 2017, the motorization rate (passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants) was 371.

Ten Danube bridges (roads, railways, subway, pedestrians) connect the city area to the left and right of the Danube, seven (including two navigable roads) connect the left bank of the Danube via the New Danube to the Danube Island, 35 bridges (as well as a weir and lock) stretch across the Danube Canal.

road

A23 - Vienna City Motorway

Belt on Alser Strasse with U6 station

Like the railway lines, the old trunk roads (later federal roads) leave the city in a star-shaped form. Some of them are still named after historic sites (Linzer Straße, Prager Straße B3, Brünner Straße B7, Budapest Strasse B10, Triester Straße B17).

The same applies to motorways: A1 Western motorway, A2 South motorway, A4 East motorway and A22 Danube motorway leave the city radial. The A3 to Burgenland is a junction of the A2 to the south of Vienna. A5 is currently being extended to the northern motorway towards Brno, which will connect to the Czech motorway network. In 2007 the northeast motorway from the A4 to Bratislava (Slovakia) was opened as A6 east of Vienna.

The A23 Viennese south-east tangente (the most busy road in Austria) is a ring-shaped connection between A2, A4 and A22 in the southern part of the city; The S1 motorway was built at the southern border of the city and on 28 June 2010 the S1 motorway was constructed. opened on 23 April 2006. This will be continued in a ring of motorways to the east of the Danube; The necessary tuning of the Danube National Park is controversial for environmental reasons. A1, A2 and S1 are connected by the A21, which runs outside Vienna, by the outer ring or Viennese-waldautobahn, through which West-East transit traffic is passed.

In the city, the trunk roads start from the belt that encircles the inner districts. This six- to eight-lane road is therefore particularly vulnerable to traffic congestion and its enormous frequency is affecting the quality of the living. The main problems are the city entrance, especially in the west due to the Vienna Forest. In the south, the exchange points are mainly found on A2 and A23. The A23 southeast tangent is home to traffic growth almost every day.

parking problems are no longer confined to the inner areas, which are large-scale, short-distance parking areas (local residents can park freely with the so-called "parking picker" (with the exception of certain roads); parking management was extended to areas outside the belt in 2012. Only four municipalities (13th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd) now have no parking picker. There are some parking and travel facilities for single users connected to public transport; However, the municipal authorities, also with their participation in the "Verkehrsverbund Ostgebiet" (VOR), are seeking to ensure that commuters are already using public transport outside Vienna. For the inhabitants of low-parking neighborhoods, "Volksgaragen" will be built with financial help from the city.

In general, the aim of the city administration is to reduce the share of private transport in total transport for environmental reasons. Until 2012, 10 bus lanes had been opened in Vienna for single-lane vehicles, depending on the traffic situation. As of August 2019, the districts of Mariahilf and Neubau are still near 30 km/h.

public transport

Quick connections in Vienna (S-Bahn, underground, City Airport Train and Lokbahn Wien-Baden)

Four generations of the Bim

Karlsplatz station, now station U1, U2 and U4

Vienna has a large network of public transport. It consists of the S-Bahn lines belonging to the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), the Badner Bahn (city rail) and the network of Vienna lines (underground, tram and bus lines), the City Airport Train and various private bus lines. In 2016, the Viennese lines alone carry around 954.2 million passengers.

The Viennese tramway has existed since 1865 and the Vienna lines operate a 179 km long track network. This makes Vienna one of the oldest and longest tram networks in the world. From 1898 onwards, the Viennese steam city railway, built in the Art Nouveau style, was opened, which in 1925 mutated largely to the Viennese electric city railway and whose infrastructure was taken over by the gradually rebuilt metro from 1976 onwards. In 1978, the first new part of the U1 line was opened. The company was established in Vienna on 23 March 2006. March 1907. Today, Vienna also has a night traffic and call collection network with its 24-hour metro at weekends and the NightLine. In addition, private bus companies operate the Vienna lines, especially in the suburban areas. Together with the railway and bus lines in Niederösterreich and Burgenland, the Vienna Transport Network forms the "Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region" (VOR).

bicycle

"Citybike" rental station on the Schönbrunner Bridge

In 2016, bicycle transport accounted for 7% of total traffic in Vienna. In some areas, however, the value is much higher. Cycle traffic is measured at around ten automatic counting points and increased at these sites by 6.4% compared to 2015. In 2017, the network of public cycle paths, cycle lanes and cycle routes in the urban area covers approximately 1298 kilometers; 53.73% of these are cycle routes, areas with reduced traffic congestion, residential streets, pedestrian areas, roads and open lanes, 20.74% are physically separated from motorways and 25.53% are marked (such as bike lanes, multi-purpose lanes and single-lane cyclists).

The "Citybike" bicycle system has been available for many years and its wheels have to be connected at fixed stations for parking. The operator distributes the wheels back to undersupplied stations using a car trailer. By 2017, three lending schemes were added: Most recently, Obike and Ofo from China, which could be parked freely, could be found via a smartphone app and were also affected by abuse. Donkey Republic from Denmark, on the other hand, works with fixed stations and is supervised by Pedal Power. The city of Vienna is now planning rules on the use of urban space by bike rental companies. After the bankruptcy of Obike, Ofo announced the withdrawal from Vienna in July 2018. The reason given was the high regulatory requirements.

railway

Map of railway lines to Vienna and location of the main stations in Vienna

Vienna's South Railway Station, Vienna's largest central station, at the time of the monarchy

The level of the Vienna Central Station

Historically, all traffic connections were based on the capital and residence of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Several train stations were built in Vienna. However, all major railway stations in Vienna were at least damaged during World War II because of their strategic importance. Most of them were rebuilt and redesigned. In 1951, the old Westbahnhof was replaced by a new building. In 1956, the former separate Ostbahnhof was integrated into the new construction of the (3rd) Südbahnhof. From 1976 to 1980 the Franz Josefs railway station was built. The North Railway Station, a stately ruin, which was only removed in 1965, was not restored (its architectural significance was not recognized at the time), as the disintegration of the Habsburg monarchy and the Iron Curtain had rendered the northern railway's long-distance traffic meaningless. 9. On 13 December 2012, the part-operation started at the newly built Vienna Central Station and the full commissioning took place on 13 December 2015. As in the traditional large Vienna train stations, this is not a train station, but a transit station, which links the southern train and the eastern train, but can also include trains from the north and west railway.

Today, there are two major stations in Vienna; they serve mainly regional transport:

• Vienna Westbahnhof as historic starting point for the Westbahn
• Vienna Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof as starting point for Franz-Josefs-Bahn

through stations:

• Vienna Central Station at the southern and eastern railway station, as central station for long distance traffic and with long-distance connections to the airport station
• Vienna Meidling (Philadelphia Bridge) at the southern railway and starting point of the Pottendorf line, as well as with connection to the Danube and through the Lainzer tunnel to the Westbahn with the Wienerwald tunnel and the NBS Tullnerfeld to St. pölten
• Wien Mitte (trunk road) on the main line between the main railway station and Praterstern, as well as with the fast connection City Airport Train (CAT) from and to Vienna Airport Train Station
• Vienna Praterstern, departure point for the Nordbahn and Nordwestbahn
• Wien Floridsdorf (Nordbahn and Nordwestbahn)
• Wien Hütteldorf on the Westbahn and with suburban line and route to Vienna Meidling
• Vienna Heiligenstadt on the Franz-Josefs-Bahn and with a suburban railway
• Vienna Stadlau with Laaer Ostbahn and Marchegger Ostbahn

For local and regional traffic, the intensive Viennese S-Bahn operation is important. It also serves many smaller train stations. Very dense traffic is also offered on the Vienna-Baden local train, vulgo Badner Bahn.

The Lainz tunnel, the two connections between the West and South railways and between the North and South railways, the Danube runway linking several routes and the Danube Riverbank (the two winter port bridge missing since 1945 was rebuilt until 2008), as well as the Vienna-Kledering Central Railway Station on the East Railway.

airport

Vienna airport

The Vienna Airport is located in Schwechat, a town in Lower Austria, 16 km southeast of Vienna’s city center. He is the home base and hub of Austrian Airlines, Eurowings Europe and EasyJet Europe and the largest employer in the eastern region of Austria. In the 2017 fiscal year, it was joined by 74 airlines with 195 destinations in 70 countries worldwide. A new passenger record was reached. A total of 24,392,805 million passengers (+4.5%), of which 17,844,391 million local passengers (+4.5%) and 6,442,112 million transfer passengers (+4.4%), were affected by 224,568 movements (-1 0.8%).

shipping

Twin City Liner at City on the Danube Canal

Vienna is connected to the port of Rotterdam and the German industrial areas by a waterway through the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. The Danube is connected with the countries of Eastern Europe to the Black Sea. The planned Danube-Oder-Canal remained incomplete. Passenger shipping on the Danube is now almost exclusively a tourist activity, there is a hydrofoils transport to Bratislava and Budapest. The Viennese port of passengers is located near the Reichsbrücke; There are also investment offices for passenger ships at Nussdorf and at the Danube Canal at Schwedenplatz.

Since June 2006 the "Twin City Liner" catamaran connects the two capital cities Vienna and Bratislava via the Danube three times a day. In Vienna, the entrance and exit point of the Schwedenplatz, exit Marienbrücke, was chosen. In Bratislava the listed "Propellerhaus" in the center serves as a mooring. In 2006, the ship was operating until the end of October, the season started in March in 2007, a second fast catamaran was purchased in 2008 and since then it has been operating five times a day between Vienna and Bratislava.

In 2003, nine million tons of goods (mainly petroleum products, agricultural products and construction materials) were handled at the port of cargo, with 1550 ships handling them.

security infrastructure

police

The Security Administration and all the authorities and bodies to which it relates are the responsibility of the Minister for the Interior. The headquarters of the Vienna Regional Police are located in the 1st, Schottenring 7-9. There are currently 98 police inspections in Vienna, three police dog inspections and two electricity police inspections in which almost 4000 police officers are on duty. 630 vehicles and eleven motorboats are available.

The WEGA Special Unit is available for high-risk operations and the Cobra Operations Command is available for very high-risk operations. large-scale demonstrations and violent riots, e.g. B. After football matches, the Vienna intervention unit is also used.

fire

professional fire

The professional fire brigade is the 68th. Department of the Council of Magistracy of the City of Vienna (MA 68). The fire brigade, the news center for the entire area of Vienna and the services of all three branches of the fire service are located in the headquarters (1st, Am Hof 7, 9 and 10). Vienna is divided into nine fire protection sections; each section has specific tasks and special equipment. The 22 fire stations, with a total of around 1700 fire-fighters, are distributed throughout the city in such a way that each site can be reached on average within five minutes. In addition there are independent fire stations in the AKH and the town hall, such as the town hall guard, which are also integrated into the MA 68.

Vienna is the oldest professional fire brigade in the world. In addition, in two former villages, the volunteer fire brigades FF Breitenlee and Füssen exist just within the city border. They are organized into the professional fire brigade and are managed as group guards. They have about 70 firemen. There are also 47 fire brigades with almost 1450 firefighters; A total of 3300 fire fighters can be mobilized.

Justice and enforcement

Landesgericht Wien

In Vienna, there are independent courts of all kinds: 12 district courts (and a separate district court for commercial matters), the Landesgericht für Criminal Gerichtshof (Vienna), the Landesgericht für civil cases Wien, the Arbeits- und Sozialgericht Wien and the Handelsgericht Wien. The Oberlandesgericht für Wien, Niederösterreich and the Burgenland, as well as the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court, Austria) also exist at Höherinstanzlich. Under the supervision of the Minister of Justice, the Public Prosecutor's Office in Vienna, the Public Prosecutor's Office in Vienna and the General Procuratur are the prosecution authorities.

In Vienna, there are also courts of public law: the Constitutional Court, the Administrative Court and the institutions set up as subordinates to this court in 2014.

There are four judicial institutions in Vienna:

• Vienna Josefstadt (largest judicial institution in Austria)
• Vienna Simmering (Vienna's second largest judicial institution)
• Vienna Favoriten (Center for Drug Detention in Austria)
• Vienna Mittersteig, Margareten (mainly for responsible, mentally abnormal legal offenders)

Social infrastructure

school

Vienna has 283 primary schools (including 217 public schools), 120 primary schools (including 96 public schools), 46 special schools (including 40 public schools) and 95 general education schools (including 67 public schools). In addition, there are 28 vocational schools in Vienna (including 25 public schools), for example in electrical engineering, hospitality or office-holders, 22 technical and commercial medium and higher education schools (including 11 public schools), such as textiles and chemicals, 21 middle and higher education schools (including 8 public schools), such as HBLA for fashion and the economic professions for fashion or tourism school and 16 English middle and higher schools (including 6 public schools).

universities

Main building of the University of Vienna

Vienna Academy of Fine Arts

There are no more students in any city in the German language area than in Vienna. According to official figures from the city of Vienna, more than 196,000 students attended universities and colleges in the winter semester 2016/2017.

The University of Vienna is also the oldest and largest university in today’s German language area (the oldest German university was the Charles University Prague founded in 1348). The University of Vienna was founded in 1365 as Alma Mater Rudolphina and was famous for its faculty in medicine, which has existed since 2004 as an independent university under the name of the Medical University of Vienna. In 1692 the Academy of Fine Arts was founded in Vienna as a private academy of the court chamber painter Peter Strudel. In 1765 Maria Theresia founded the Veterinary University of Vienna. In 1767, the University of Music and Performing Arts of Vienna was born at the singing school of Antonio Salieri. In 1815 the Technical University of Vienna was founded as a k.a. polytechnic institute. In 1867, the current University of Applied Arts was founded as a school of arts. In 1872 the University of Ground Culture was founded. In 1898 the company was sold Export Academy, the current Vienna University of Economics.

In addition to these state universities, there are five private universities in Vienna (Webster Vienna Private University, Musik und Kunst PrivatUniversität der Stadt Wien (MUK), Sigmund Freud PrivatuniverUniversität Wien, Module University Vienna and since 2019 Central European University) and several universities of applied sciences (FHWien Studienglasses at WKW, Fachhochschule des bfi Wien, Fachhochschule Technikum Wien, FH as well as the Lauder Business School). There are also several independent institutes, such as the Institute for Medical Anthropology and Bioethics in Vienna.

library

Vienna’s leading scientific libraries are the Austrian National Library, the University Library of Vienna and the Vienna Library in the City Hall (formerly Vienna’s City and State Library). In addition, the libraries of the Vienna University of Economics, the Technical University, the Medical University and other universities, as well as the specialized libraries of the university institutes, the Social Science Library of the Chamber of Labor and the Parliamentary Library. The Austrian Military Library, Austria’s largest official and public library, is located in the academic section of the collegiate barracks. The 41 city libraries of Vienna are grouped together as Vienna’s libraries, including the main library at Urban-Loritz-Platz.

health

Vienna General Hospital and University Hospital

The General Hospital (AKH) in the Alsergrund district of Vienna is the largest hospital in Vienna and Austria, as well as the clinic of the Medical University of Vienna.

social housing

Vienna is known for its social housing. During the Red Viennese period from 1918 to 1934, for the first time, numerous large-scale municipal buildings built and operated by the city were not profit-oriented and provided many low-cost housing primarily to the working class. After World War II, there was again a strong construction activity in municipal development projects.

In 2010, the city of Vienna was awarded the "Scroll of Honor" award of the UN-HABITAT for the policy of "gentle urban regeneration".

Social institutions

The first social institutions in Vienna were established in the first decade of the 20th century. In the 19th century, when the first homeless and male homes were built due to the great poverty of the population, the Meldemannstraße opened in 1905, where the adolescent Adolf Hitler lived from 1910 to 1913. Today, around 200,000 people live below the poverty line in Vienna. They care, as much as possible, non-profit organizations such as Volkshilfe and Caritas. The latter also operates the city-renowned homeless facility, The Jew in the district of Mariahilf, which has been in existence since 1986. Streetwork is available for teenagers. On behalf of the City of Vienna, the Vienna social services perform non-profit tasks.

Belvedere Palace

The Spanish Riding School with the Lipizzanians dates back to 1572.

Viennese songboy

In the imperial city of residence, museums and collections have been built that possess world-class works of art. Viennese culture includes the imperial heritage of the city with the palaces of Hofburg, Schönbrunn Palace and Belvedere Palace. In the Spanish Riding School, presentations of the High School of Horseman Arts of the Lipizzans are shown.

The period around 1900 is called the Vienna Modern, which takes account of Vienna's great cultural, artistic and scientific power at the time. The city was affected by the First World War, terror against Jewish Viennese citizens and the Second World War destroyed Vienna's international standing.

Vienna has made its mark in medicine. This is the oldest university in the German language area, which has existed to date; Her most prominent professor was Sigmund Freud. The Vienna circle of philosophy and the Austrian school of economic theory are also remarkable.

Viennese music was and is of international importance. Historically, it is mainly characterized by composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Johann Strauss, Gustav Mahler and Arnold Schönberg. The Viennese waltz was and is known worldwide. Nowadays, most famous performers such as the Vienna Philharmonic, the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, the Vienna State Opera ensemble and the Concentus Musicus Vienna are to be mentioned. Important currents or circles were or are the Vienna School (Vorclassik), the Vienna Classics and the Vienna School (Modern) of music. In the nineties of the 20th Vienna became one of the centers of electronic music.

Vienna is considered a theater city, with its varied offerings in the German language area, especially Berlin. 19. In the 20th century, Grillparzer, Raimund and Nestroy were the most famous theater authors in Vienna. In the 19th century it was Arthur Schnitzler and Thomas Bernhard. In the literature, the 20th In the 19th century authors such as Karl Kraus, Robert Musil, Heimito von Doderer, H. C. Artmann and his Viennese group.

Historically, the Viennese School of Fantastic Realism in Painting has also been mentioned in Vienna’s cultural life.

Since 2001, the current cultural scene, with the MuseumsQuartier as a new focus, is very varied with concert halls, galleries, exhibition halls, stages, festivals and much more, and is strongly supported with public money. The cuisine is more traditional: with the Viennese coffee house, the Viennese kitchen and the Viennese wine-growing.

language

Vienna is the center of the Austrian variety of the German language. The spoken urban mouthpiece is a dialect of Eastern Central Bairy with some very own vocabulary and numerous vocabulary from the languages of the Habsburg monarchy, especially the Czech. A significant part of the present inhabitants of the city have a different native language from German; However, the degree to which the Viennese dialect is controlled varies considerably.

music

Golden hall of the Musikverein building where the New Year's Concert takes place

Over the centuries, world-class composers have been active in Vienna. The most famous representatives are those of the Viennese classics (ca. 1780-1827) - Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven - and later Franz Schubert, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss (father), Johann Strauss (son), Franz Lehár, Joseph Lanner, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, as well as at the beginning 20th the members of the Second Vienna School (Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg) and Ernst Krenek.

With the Vienna Philharmonic, which is composed of members of the Vienna State Opera Orchestra, the ensemble, awarded the best orchestra in Europe in 2006 and 2007 by ten leading specialist journalists, resides in Vienna. The Vienna Symphony Orchestra is also an internationally renowned sound body. The famous Viennese songboys are also home in this city.

The Viennese song as its own genre of music was and still is in interaction with other musical styles.

There are also some famous performers from Vienna in pop music, such as Georg Danzer, Rainhard Fendrich and Wolfgang Ambros. The most famous Viennese artist in this genre was Falco, who ranked 1st in the American Billboard Hot 100 with the song Rock Me Amadeus for several weeks. In the 1990s, musicians and music producers from the field of electronic music made for international renown, Vienna was regarded as the secret capital of Downbeat. Examples include Kruder & Dorfmeister and Tosca.

theater and opera

Vienna State Opera, where the annual opera

The Burgtheater is one of the most renowned German-speaking stages.

Art and culture can look back on a very long tradition in Vienna in the field of theater, opera or visual art. In addition to the Burgtheater, which together with its second stage, the Akademietheater, is considered one of the most important theaters in the world, the Volkstheater and the Theater in Josefstadt are well-known speech theaters. There are also a number of smaller stages, which sometimes stand up in terms of quality and are often dedicated to more modern, experimental pieces or to cabaret and art. Since 2000, the Nestroy Theater Prize, the most important in the German-speaking area, has been awarded in Vienna.

The State Opera cultivates the classical opera tradition with performances in original language, the Volksoper offers a repertoire composed of the typical Viennese operetta, the classical musical and the opera. Concerts with classical music are held in the Vienna Musikverein (with the famous Golden Hall) and in the Vienna Konzerthaus.

The theater at Vienna, where Beethoven’s opera Fidelio was premiered, successfully performed musical premieres until 2005 (by far the most successful was the musical Elisabeth, which was performed until Japan and performed in several languages). Since Mozart 2006, it has been the third opera house in the city; in contrast to the State Opera and the Volksoper in the Stagionwerk.

The Vienna Chamber Opera, which has been part of the Vienna Theater since 2012, is presenting old and new operas with its young ensemble in its traditional production. Since 2000, Vienna has a sound museum for children and adults at the Haus der Musik. The puppet theater Schloss Schönbrunn offers a fine play with precious puppets in operas and theater plays for adults and children.

The Vienna’s English Theater was founded in 1963 and is the oldest English-speaking theater in Europe outside the British Isles.

Papageno, a children’s opera founded in 1994, was the first mobile children’s opera in Austria.

Since the year 2000 the European and International Deaf Theater Festival has been held annually by ARBOS - Gesellschaft für Musik und Theater in Vienna. The European Deaf Theater Conference, hosted by the Deaf Theater Network Europe Vienna, will be held at the same time as the Festival.

The State Opera, the Volksoper and the Burgtheater (with the secondary playground Akademietheater) are Federal Theater. The Theater an der Wien, together with the Raimund Theater Musical Stage and the recently renovated Ronacher hotel, forms the United Stage Vienna owned by the City of Vienna.

See also:

Old Viennese Volkstheater, Carltheater, Leopoldstädter Theater, Simpl, Theater am Kärntnertor, Wiener Metropol, Wiener Theaterreform, Kabel Wien-Meidling, Schauspielhaus, Category "Theater (Vienna)"

museums

Museum of Art at Maria-Theresien-Platz

The Museum Quarter in the former courtyards

The Albertina, art museum with the largest graphic collection in the world.

Upper Belvedere

Vienna Technical Museum

The Vienna Museum at Karlsplatz, currently closed for renovation

The largest museum complex in Vienna and one of the largest in the world consists of the museums in the Hofburg with their annexes, the two former court museums, and is completed to the west from the Museums Quartier, which in the 1990s was built in the former Ku.u.k. court installations were built and opened in 2001. The area is:

• the Museum of Art History: gallery with collection of old masters from the 15th to the 18th. century. Masterpieces by Pieter Bruegel, Peter Paul Rubens, Tizian, Rembrandt van Rijn and Velázquez, among others.
• the Museum of Natural History: with the Venus of Willendorf - oldest depiction of a goddess of fertility; meteorites and dinosaurs.
• the Albertina: The largest graphic collection in the world. More recently, the Albertina has expanded its exhibition activities with paintings and sculptures.
• the Leopold Museum: world's largest collection of works Egon Schieles, Wiener Secessionism, Wiener Moderne and Austrian Expressionism (Gustav Klimt, Richard Gerstl, Oskar Kokoschka, Broncia Koller ...)
• the Museum of Modern Art - Ludwig Foundation
• the Vienna World Museum: Museum of Ethnology until 2013.
• the Imperial Treasury: crown signatures and other treasures of the Habsburg monarchy
• the Ephesosm Museum
• the Vienna Architecture Center
• the Sisi Museum: memory of Empress Elisabeth
• collection of old musical instruments
• the ZOOM Children's Museum
• the imperial apartments: living and working spaces of Emperor Franz Joseph I.
• the court hunting and armor
• the court silver and panel: Table of the imperial court

The Austrian Gallery Belvedere presents art from Austria from the Middle Ages through the Baroque to the early 20th century at Belvedere Palace. In the 19th century, including The Kiss, the most famous work of Gustav Klimt. A new exhibition hall was built in Belvedere in 2006/2007. The Baroque Museum with Franz Xaver Messerschmidt’s famous character heads is also located here. In 2011, the 21-room building (formerly the 20-room house) was reopened as a branch of contemporary art in the immediate vicinity of the Belvedere.

The Vienna Museum (formerly the Historical Museum of the City of Vienna) documents Vienna’s history with temporary exhibitions and a permanent presentation and supervises the memorials of Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss. Other landmarks of the hotel include the Hermesvilla, the watch museum of Vienna, the Roman Museum and the Prater Museum.

Vienna Holding includes the Vienna Jewish Museum, which is dedicated to the tragic history of the Jews in Vienna, the Haus der Musik, the Kunst Haus Wien, with works by Friedensreich Hundertwasser and photographic temporary exhibitions, and the Mozarthaus Vienna, housed in a former residence of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, also known as Figarohaus, since he is Le nozart I di Figaro worked.

As a museum, the former imperial summer residence of Schönbrunn Castle, Vienna's most visited monument, with the chateau rooms and the imperial wagon castle is also functionally furnished.

The Arsenal Army History Museum is the leading museum of the Austrian Federal Army and documents the history of the Austrian military system, including weapons, armor, tanks, planes, uniforms, flags, paintings, orders and honors, photographs, models of slaughter ships and documents.

Other museums in Vienna (selection):

• MAK: Large collection of applied art, exhibitions in the field of art in recent years.
• court real estate: furniture museum.
• Sigmund Freud Museum: In the former apartment Freuds in the mountain terrace.
• Vienna Technical Museum
• Narrative Tower: Pathological anatomical collection.
• Josephine: Medical history museum.
• Theater Museum Vienna
• counterfeit museum in Vienna
• burial museum in Vienna
• Viennese crime museum with the Museum of the Vienna Police Directorate.
• Medieval History Museum: also known as the Torture Museum.
• Austrian National Bank Money Museum
• Remise Museum: Museum of public transport.
• district museums (history of the district)

In addition, in particular in the field of contemporary art, several exhibition houses such as the Kunsthalle Wien, the Secession, Bank Austria Kunstforum, WestLicht, and the Künstlerhaus Wien are also present.

film

In front of the Kino Klein in the Wurstelprater, 1905

Since 1906, the first short films were produced in Vienna, and the numerous French film-makers in Vienna still represented the majority of the films compared to the domestic ones. Since 1910 the Austrian silent film production began with the foundation of the Viennese art film industry. It was followed by the Sascha Film Factory Vienna of the Bohemian Count Alexander Kolowrat-Krakowsky, in 1913 in Liesing (then its own municipality, today 23. 1914 in the 20th district. Brigittenau district. In the First World War, in addition to numerous propaganda productions, the first weekly (war) shows were also created. In 1920, the film production reached its peak with 142 films. In 1923 the Vita film opened the "Rosenhügel Film Studios", which were much bigger and more modern than the Sascha Film Studios in Sievering. More than a dozen other film production companies regularly produced films at the time.

In 1923, Vita Film opened the largest and most modern film studios in Austria.

With the gradual expropriation of the Sascha film from 1935, the Vienna film, which was under the control of the Reichsfilmkammer through the Cautio Treuhandgesellschaft, emerged from 1938 and made Vienna the main production site of propaganda films alongside Berlin and Munich. As in all areas, the film and cinema industry has been subjected to an unrestrained "arization".

The Apollo cinema in Mariahilf

During the "denazification" by the Allies in the occupied post-war area, many cinemas unjustifiably moved to the city-owned cinema company (Kiba). At the same time, with the founding of new film companies, such as the Belvedere film in 1947, home and music film production began again to rise to its absolute peak in the 1950s and 1960s. In the middle of it many Viennese actors like Hans Moser, Peter Alexander, Waltraut Haas, Romy Schneider, Hans Holt and Nadja Tiller - to name just a few. One of the most important directors at that time was Franz Antel - also a Viennese. In 1948, the third man was filmed with international star actors, which gave Vienna a worldwide boost of popularity and, as a side effect, helped the Sieveringer zitherplayer Anton Karas to become an unexpected acquaintance.

But the 1960's was also marked by the onset of cinema deaths. In 1953, there were more than 200 cinemas in the city, and in 1983 only 69 cinemas with 96 screens remained. With the proliferation of multiplex cinemas from the 1980's, the trend of the decline in the number of cinemas could not be stopped, but in the 1990's the number of rooms rose again to 191 in 2001. Due to the current surplus and lower utilization rates, the number dropped to 166 in 2002 at the expense of other cinemas.

Founded in 1900, the Erika cinema on Kaiserstrasse was considered the oldest cinema in the world to be still in operation when it was closed in 1999. Today it is a theater room. Since then, the company was founded in 1905, in the 14th century. Lights games are the oldest cinema in Vienna.

In the present, Vienna has a very creative film scene, not least because of production orders from the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation and state-sponsored film production. The Film Festival Viennale, the Austrian Film Archive, the Austrian Film Museum and the Vienna Film Commission, founded in 2009 by the City of Vienna, contribute to this.

fine arts

In the field of visual arts, Vienna has always had internationally respected artists in the past and present, including Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Richard Gerstl, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Fritz Wotruba, Maria Lassnig, Arnulf Rainer, Bruno Gironcoli, Franz West, Erwin Wurm and Heimo Zobernig.

architecture

The church at Steinhof, built in Art Nouveau between 1904 and 1907 by Otto Wagner

The Hundertwasser House, built in 1983-1985

In Vienna you will find buildings of all architectural styles, from the Romanesque Ruprechtkirche to Gothic St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Baroque Karlskirche, the high baroque Jesuit church and the buildings of classical architecture to the modern.

However, the architecture of the founder’s period makes the former imperial city of Vienna look like a cast. It is precisely this which, in former cities of the Danube monarchy, such as Budapest or Prague or Lemberg in former Galicia, represents architecturally their membership of Austria-Hungary.

The Art Nouveau also left its mark in Vienna: The Secession, the Karlsplatz train station and the Church at the Steinhof in Otto Wagner are among the most famous buildings in the world. In 1910 the first office building in reinforced concrete construction in Austria was also built with the Kai Palace.

Vienna has a long and great tradition as a venue and venue for international architecture. The following architects were from here or studied here: Adolf Loos, Josef Hoffmann, Otto Wagner, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Plecnik, Richard Neutra, Rudolph Michael Schindler, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Friedrich Kiesler, Josef Frank, Coop Himmelb(l)au, Gustav Peichl, Günther Domenig, Hans Hollein and Luigi Blau

One of the most popular tourist attractions is the Hundertwasser House of Friedensreich Hundertwasser, which is intended as a counter-model to sober modern architecture. The Spittelau incinerator was also artistically designed by Hundertwasser. Another example of extraordinary architecture is the Wotruba Church (Church To the Holy Trinity) of the sculptor Fritz Wotruba. The Viennese flake towers and the Vienna flood water pipeline are also striking in the townscape.

A number of districts have been redeveloped since the 1990s. Extensive construction projects were implemented around the Danube City (north of the Danube) and the Wienerberg (south of Vienna). The 202 m high Millennium Tower at the Commercial quay was the highest tower built in Vienna to date between 1999 and 2014 and was a sign of an architectural transformation towards more self-confidence and also conformity. In 2014 he was replaced by the 250 meter high DC Tower 1.

In recent years, more old buildings have been combined with modern architecture, as in the revitalization of the 2001 gas-ometer, which attracted worldwide media interest. The Diva Award, created in 2002, recognizes every year bold real estate projects that demonstrate the city's new self-confidence.

Vienna has a statistically small number of towers compared to other metropolises. In 2006, there were about 100 buildings above 40 meters altitude. In the meantime, the city administration is focusing on quality over quantity, with the aim of preserving the natural areas of Vienna and the historical elements of urban planning recognized as a world heritage. Planned skyscrapers, to be implemented in the 1950s, have repeatedly sparked heated debate - for example, the construction of the gardening tower, which began in 1950 but was only completed in 1963.

Therefore, very strict guidelines apply in Vienna for the design, approval and construction of tower blocks. According to urban planning, large parts of Vienna, especially in the inner districts, are exclusion zones in which no skyscrapers can be built.

Only about 26% of the total area of Vienna is therefore eligible for the planning of the skyscrapers. Once again, the construction works must comply with the urban model, meet a number of requirements and must not affect significant aerial views. This is why new high-rise buildings are created primarily in outlying districts, where there is even more scope for design and less special urban features need to be taken into account.

See also:

List of Vienna’s high-rise buildings, list of Vienna’s highest buildings and unbuilt Vienna

science

• Biology: Max Birnstiel, Kim Nasmyth, Renée Schroeder
• Computer science: Heinz Zemanek
• engineering: Viktor Kaplan, Robert Adler
• Mathematics: Kurt Gödel
• medicine: Ferdinand von Hebra, Karl Landsteiner, Carl von Rokitansky, Josef von Škoda, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Robert Bárány, Ignaz Semmelweis, Theodor Billroth, Carl Koller
• Economy: Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich August von Hayek, Austrian School, Rudolf Hilferding
• Social sciences: Otto Bauer, Max Adler, School of Austromarxism
• Philosophy: Laurenz Müllner, Karl Popper, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Paul Feyerabend, Moritz Schlick
• Psychology: Services in the medical fields and various forms of psychotherapy are internationally recognized, e.g. B. Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Erwin Ringel, Viktor Frankl, Harald Leupold-Löwenthal.
• Physics: Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli, Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Christian Doppler, Josef Stefan, Anton Zeilinger
• Law: Hans Kelsen, Karl Renner
• Sports sciences: In Vienna the Vienna Coordination Course (WKP) was established by Siegbert A. Warwitz, the standard motion science test and sports proficiency tests at many universities.
• Theology: Johannes Messner, founder of the "Vienna School" of Natural Law.

Vienna was an important center of medical research between the second quarter of the 18th and the second quarter of the 20th century. century. The first and second Viennese Medical School marks the most important periods of medical teaching and research in Vienna. The beginning of the first medical school dates back to Maria Theresia and began under her physician Gerard van Swieten, who freed the universities from the influence of the Jesuits. Under him was founded the first modern hospital in Vienna in 1754 and subsequently in 1784 by Emperor Joseph II. the first General Hospital of the City of Vienna, which today serves as the Old General Hospital of Vienna at the University of Vienna. The second medical school begins in the second half of the 19th century. 19th century and is led by the teaching and research of the German surgeon Theodor Billroth, which comes to Vienna in 1867. After the First World War, medical research is in crisis, and with the expulsion of 3,200 of the 4,900 doctors in Vienna in March 1938, Austria's second medical school has finally ended.

Since the 1990s, Vienna has successfully established itself as a location for life sciences and biotechnology. For example, Boehringer Ingelheim operates a large research center in the field of oncology and the Research Institute for Molecular Pathology (IMP). 3. The Vienna BioCenter was founded around the IMP in Vienna, a regional association of research institutions and companies in the field of life sciences.

In the pharmaceutical sector, Vienna has successfully established itself as a location for pharmaceutical companies. For example, Baxter International operates a large laboratory here.

food and drinking culture

Vienna Schnitzel

The Sacher torch with a stroke

The Naschmarkt around 1900

The traditional Viennese cuisine is characterized by the former influences of immigrants from the regions and countries of the region. monarchy. Due to the location of the city near the border with Hungary and the former Bohemia, food from these countries is mainly found on the menus. The gulasch with its Viennese variants - the Viennese, Fiaker and Gypsy goulash - comes from Hungary. From Bohemia came the pastries, such as different whirlpools, golden and palate ham, as well as various types of dumplings. The Wiener Schnitzel and the Tafelspitz are particularly popular.

The largest and most versatile market with fixed stands is the Naschmarkt, where fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat and much more can be bought from all over the world. The Naschmarkt is considered to be the specialty market in Vienna. The longest road market in Europe is the well market in the 16th century. Vienna district.

In lively areas, Vienna’s townscape includes the sausage stands, where various hot sausages as well as hot liver cheeses can be found. As an alternative to the hot dog, the bosner is often offered. Also many kebabs are now to be found.

Viennese coffee house

The Café Central

Another special feature of Viennese culture is the Viennese cafe, where you can enjoy a variety of coffee specialties as well as small meals. Many visitors use the opportunity to read the most abundant newspapers available for hours during their visit. In addition to many more recent Italian style coffee bars with shining chromatic espresso, there are many "real" Viennese coffee houses that have preserved the original charm of this institution in terms of supply, equipment and style. The first coffee house in Vienna was opened in 1685 by a Greek named Johannes Theodat in his house at the Haarmarkt, now Rotenturmstraße 14.

hourly

Typical Heurigen restaurant in Grinzing

Vienna is one of the few metropolises in the world with its own vineyard. This wine is served in small restaurants in Vienna, so-called Heurigen, which are mainly concentrated in the wine-growing regions of Döblings (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nussdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorfs (Jedlersdorf, Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), as well as the Wall and Oberlaa. The wine is often also drunk as a sprayed drink, a mixed drink made of white wine and soda or mineral water, with the mixed ratio varying seasonally (summer or winter sprayers).

sub-culture

The Workshop and Kulturhaus (WUK) on the currency street is a popular meeting place for young people.

There is also an independent youth culture outside the mainstream in Vienna, although it has never gone beyond a certain niche.

One of the oldest centers for youth and subculture is the workshop and culture house (WUK) on the site of the former Technical Museum of Industrial Technology (TGM), which became a free culture and workshop house in the early 1980s. There is still a large number of artistic events of all kinds here today.

A well-known venue for subcultural activities in the city is the Ernst Kirchweger-Haus (EKH), formerly owned by the KPÖ and occupied by autonomies. In addition to various workshops, working groups, information and consulting activities, regular concerts and parties were held with rock, punk or tekno. The Volxtheater Caravan also finds its home in the German Trade Union Association. This meeting point is now owned by the City of Vienna.

Another center of youth and subculture is the Flex on the Danube Canal, which features international, cross-genre concerts and DJ events, which are located somewhere between pop and alternative music, and can thus attract a large proportion of young people. Although located directly on the canal and therefore without any neighbors, there were fierce protests by district politicians when it was established at the present location.

On the site of the old abattoir in Baumgasse there is the Arena, a formerly occupied site, which is now an independent cultural center. Concerts and parties are regularly held here, consisting of a large hall, a small hall, a three-room room and a bar. In summer, the large outdoor stage in the center of the arena also hosts a number of concerts and cinema performances.

Much unnoticed by the public, as active in the underground, is the Vienna Freetekno scene. Only occasionally do sound systems also organize publicly announced tekno parties in well-known clubs. Most events take place in halls on the outskirts of the city or just outside the city border, in Lower Austria. The parties are announced by word of mouth or infoline in a circle of friends and close acquaintances.

Annual events

Cinema of the Viennale

(selection of annual events, organized chronologically in the course of the year)

• New year concert of the Vienna Philharmonic, transmitted to 50 million listeners in 90 countries. Since 1939. 1. January)
• Viennese opera ball, which is regarded as the culmination of the Vienna Ballseason (November to February/March). Since 1935. (Fever)
• Summer Night Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic, with 100,000 attendees and performances in 80 countries. Since 2004. (May)
• Viennese festival, international theater, music and performance festival. Founded in 1927/1951. (May/June)
• Life Ball, the largest AIDS benefit event in Europe. Founded in 1992, until 2019. (May/June)
• Danube Island Festival, with three million visitors Europe's largest open-air music festival. Founded in 1984. (May/June)
• Jazz Festival Vienna, International Jazz Festival. Founded in 1991. (June/July)
• In PulsDance, international dance and performance festival. Founded in 1984. (July/August)
• viennacontemporary, international art fair and curated_by, Vienna Gallery Festival. Established in 2015 and 2009 respectively. (September)
• Viennale, international film festival. Founded in 1960. (October)
• Vienna Modern, Festival of New Music. Founded in 1988. (November)
• Viennese Advent spell (Christkindlmarkt on Town Hall Square) and other Christmas markets. Since 1764. (November/December)
• Hofburg Silvesterball and Vienna's New Year's Eve Trail through the Old Town. (31 December)

Viennese parks, forests and meadows

Johann Strauss Monument in the Vienna City Park

The haystal water in the crater

View from the Danube Island to the Leopoldsberg and Kahlenberg in the background

The Danube Island Festival takes place every summer on the Danube Island.

Vienna has many different parks and is one of the world's most green cities, accounting for half of the city's territory. There are several parks in the city center whose history goes back to the 16th century. It is rich in monuments and park buildings. These include the Stadtpark, the Burggarten, the Augarten and the Volksgarten. From the baroque gardens of the suburban palace, the castle park of Belvedere Palace with the botanical garden has remained almost in its original size. In addition to the large parks, there are numerous smaller parks, especially in the inner districts. These are colloquially also called Beserlparks. Cemeteries were also converted into parks after World War I (for example, the currency park).

The largest park in Vienna is the Vienna Prater in the Leopoldstadt. At 600 hectares, it is almost twice the size of New York's Central Park and three times the size of Berlin's Tiergarten. The former imperial hunting area, which still today consists largely of arable landscapes, was founded by Joseph II in 1766. to the people. Around the green Prater, the exhibition grounds where the world exhibition was held in 1873, the amusement park Wurstelprater with its landmark, the Giant Ferris Wheel and the Ernst Happel Stadium (formerly the Prater Stadium), became the largest football stadium in Austria.

The 21.1 km long and 200 m wide Danube Island, which was built as a flood protection between 1972 and 1988, is also a popular recreational area for the Viennese population. The Danube Island Festival is held once a year. There is also a large nudist pool. In the area of the Reichsbrücke a diverse local scene has also developed.

In the west of the big city, the foothills of the Vienna Woods reach in part far into the built areas of the outer counties. The lainz Tiergarten, a vast forest area (2500 hectares) with rich wildlife, is one of the places to be found here. In the former imperial hunting area, hunting game is still found alongside the hunting castle of Hermesvilla, especially the wild boars in the Lainz animal garden. Forests in the west continue through the Viennese green belt in the south (Wienerberg and Laaer Berg), which has been partly extensively reforested. North of the Danube, in addition to the Danube Park, the Lobau is a recreational area. The Danube River basin is part of the Danube-Auen National Park.

Both sights and green areas are the Viennese cemeteries, which are considered as recreational places and invite you to take a walk. The Central Cemetery is not only famous for its honor graves. There is also an evangelical cemetery, the new and old Jewish cemetery, an Islamic department, a Muslim-Egyptian department, and numerous Orthodox departments and tombs of anatomy. In the spring of 2019, two tracks were marked in the central cemetery. The St. Marxer cemetery is also a popular area for walks. He was born at the end of the 19th century. The park is now managed as a park. Mozart and Josef Madersperger, one of the founders of the sewing machine, were buried in shaft tombs, which means that the exact location of their tombs is not known today.

sport

sports

Ernst-Happel Stadium in Prater

Wiener Stadthalle

Award 2004 for the Vienna Marathon with President of the Swiss Confederation Heinz Fischer

Vienna plays a central role in the Austrian sports scene. Many new sports spread from here all over Austria. Swimming is one of the Viennese favorite sports. Many swimming pools and natural waters are available for this purpose, such as the Fox of Ganga, a sandy island in the Old Danube.

The largest football stadium in Vienna, the Ernst Happel stadium, with its 49,825 seats, is used by the Austrian national team among others. It is one of the most important football stadiums in Europe and has hosted three times in the recent past the finals of the European Cup of the national champions (1987, 1990) and the Champions League (1995). 2008 saw the finals and some other matches of the European Championship.

In addition to the team sports, there is a wide range of individual sports in Vienna. The routes are popular in the Vienna Prater or on the Danube Island. The Ferry-Dusika indoor stadium can also be used for training. The Vienna City Marathon is held once a year. In addition to more than 1,000 bicycle kilometers, cyclists can enjoy numerous mountain bike routes in the Vienna mountains. Golf courses are available at the Wienerberg.

There are also many offers for winter sports, which are very important in Austria. The city of Vienna runs two ski runs on the former FIS line Hohe-Wand-Wiese and on the Dollwiese. From a snow situation of 20 cm, the city’s sports office pulls tracks through the Prater, on the Danube Island, on the Wienerberg, on the Steinhofgrund, in the Schwarzenbergpark, on the Cobenzl and in the Maurer Forest. The stretches range from 2.5 kilometers (on the Wienerberg) to 12 kilometers (on the Danube Island). Because of the low snowfall and climate change, cross-country skiing was possible for a long time in the city last in 2013. It was only in 2017 and 2018 that cross-country trails were used for a few days.

clubs

The biggest clubs in Vienna are the Alpine Association Austria and Alpine Association Edelweiss, the Austrian Alpine Club, as well as the Austrian Mountain Association and the Austrian Tourist Club, which also have their headquarters in Vienna.

Football is very popular in Vienna. With the record champion SK Rapid Wien and the record champion Austria Wien, there are two highly rival clubs in the city. The SK Rapid has been in a European Cup final twice so far and has even been able to become a champion and champion. Austria also reached the European Cup finals once and won the European Cup twice. The First Vienna, Austria’s oldest football club, and the Vienna Sports Club, which also had great success in the European Cup, are also of great value in sporting history. Two of the predecessors of the VfB Admira Wacker Mödling (Wacker Wien and Admira Wien) in the southern city were also Vienna clubs. The dominance of the Viennese clubs is evident only by the fact that the LASK was only able to become a team from the German Länder in 1965.

In addition to the football clubs, there are numerous successful clubs in Vienna in other sports. In ice hockey, the Vienna Capitals 2005 and 2017 were Austrian champions for the men, as well as the EHV Sabres for the women, who are record champions of thirteen Austrian championships. The Footballer from the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna won the Eurobowl five times, most recently in 2013. The Vienna Wanderers are five times more Austrian statesmen, most recently in 2015. The Volleyballer of the aon hotVolleys are 18 times Austrian Champion. The handball players of SG Handball West Vienna won the Austrian Champion title five times, the Margarete Fivers won the championship twice.

On the Old Danube and on the Danube there are 11 different rowing clubs for lovers of rowing. In Vienna there are three regular and four extraordinary member clubs of the Austrian Golf Association. The Viennese sports club is known as a fencing club.

Public bathing

Probably Vienna's most famous public bathing resort is the Gänsehäufel - an island on the Old Danube, dedicated entirely to bathing. Just next to it is the "Little Fox of Guns", a peninsula where several working-class baths were opened during the "Red Vienna" era. Other public bathrooms are also from the "Red Vienna", such as the children's outdoor pools or the Amalfi pool in the 10th century. district. The Jörgerbad was opened in 1914 under a Christian social mayor. The dianabad, which was closed in 2020, was even older, and was only completed for the upper class in 1806. The Danube Island of Vienna, more than 21 km long, between the New Danube and the Danube, and the bathing areas on the north-eastern bank of the New Danube in the 21st and 22nd centuries, are also used for swimming. district.

nightlife

Vienna's nightlife has long been determined by the still popular night cafes. In the 1980s, a lively scene of examples first developed in the ridge around Schwedenplatz and the Ruprechtkirche church, which is called the "Bermuda Triangle", because some people are said to have disappeared after a long night. In the 1990s, the renovation of the belt resulted in the creation of numerous scene venues in the former city railway arches, which are now part of Vienna’s music and nightlife. The location of these places in the arches of the belt has the advantage of not presenting additional noise nuisance to the neighbors due to their central location. In the 2010s more and more cocktail bars were created, especially in the first district and the surrounding streets. During the summer months, a good part of the nightlife is relocated to Schanigärten, such as the Museum Quartier and the Old AKH, as well as to outdoor venues such as the Danube Canal and the Danube Island.

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